Postnatal Changes in the Developing Rat Extraocular Muscles

Moncman, Carole L.; Andrade, Miguel E.; Andrade, Francisco H.

doi:10.1167/iovs.10-6866

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Although α-actinin 3 is expressed from P1 in the retractor bulbi, levator palpebrae superioris and the somitic derived skeletal muscles, it was first detected in the extraocular muscles at P15, further evidence that the P10–P15 window has a special significance for the ocular motor system: opening of eyelids, appearance of the extraocular muscle myosin, and sarcomeric redistribution of nonmuscle myosin IIB [9, 10, 30]. It is interesting to note that the accessory muscle in rat [10] and mouse [9] do not express the extraocular myosin isoform nor do they exhibit a sarcomeric distribution for nonmuscle myosin IIB.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is interesting to note that the accessory muscle in rat [10] and mouse [9] do not express the extraocular myosin isoform nor do they exhibit a sarcomeric distribution for nonmuscle myosin IIB. These differences in protein content further set the extraocular muscles as separate from the accessory muscles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Developmental transitions of myosin isoforms in both the rat and mouse extraocular muscles have recently been described [9, 10]. The studies demonstrated that the onset of extraocular myosin and slow, tonic myosin protein expression occurs between postnatal days 10 and 15 (P10 and P15) [9–11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The studies demonstrated that the onset of extraocular myosin and slow, tonic myosin protein expression occurs between postnatal days 10 and 15 (P10 and P15) [9–11]. Embryonic myosin is the predominant isoform in the extraocular muscles at birth: its expression diminishes in the global layer between P10–15, restricting it to orbital layer fibers in the adult extraocular muscle [9, 10]. There is also a redistribution of nonmuscle myosin IIB from a subsarcolemmal to intra-sarcomeric distribution that occurs during P10–15 in development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development transitions of thin filament proteins in rat extraocular muscles

Moncman

Andrade

McCool

et al. 2013

Experimental Cell Research

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Extraocular muscles are a unique subset of striated muscles. During postnatal development, the extraocular muscles undergo a number of myosin isoform transitions that occur between postnatal day 10 (P10) and P15. These include: 1) loss of embryonic myosin from the global layer resulting in the expression restricted to the orbital layer; 2) the onset of expression of extraocular myosin and the putative tonic myosin (myh 7b/14); and 3) the redistribution of nonmuscle myosin IIB from a subsarcolemma position to a sarcomeric distribution in the slow fibers of the global layer. For this study, we examined the postnatal appearance and distribution of α-actinin, tropomyosin, and nebulin isoforms during postnatal development of the rat extraocular muscles. Although sarcomeric α-actinin is detectable from birth, α-actinin 3 appears around P15. Both tropomyosin-1 and -2 are present from birth in the same distribution as in the adult animal. The expression of nebulin was monitored by gel electrophoresis and western blots. At P5–10, nebulin exhibits a lower molecular mass than observed P15 and later during postnatal development. The changes in α-actinin3 and nebulin expression between P10 and 15 coincide with transitions in myosin isoforms as detailed above. These data point to P10–P15 as the critical period for the maturation of the extraocular muscles, coinciding with eyelid opening.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development transitions of thin filament proteins in rat extraocular muscles

Moncman

Andrade

McCool

et al. 2013

Experimental Cell Research

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“…In addition, EOM myosin composition differs significantly from all other skeletal muscles, including the presence of the unusual α-cardiac myosin, and persistence of embryonic and neonatal myosin isoforms in adults 6 . Myosin heavy chain expression in EOMs is highly heterogeneous, with longitudinal variation within single fibers, and cross-sectional variation of each isoform 7–9 . All these features reflect the complex contractile profiles of EOMs that execute a diverse behavioral repertoire ranging from quick phases and saccades, to slow phase and tracking movements, as well as sustained fixations.…”

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confidence: 99%

Nonclassical Innervation Patterns in Mammalian Extraocular Muscles

Costa

Kung

Poukens

et al. 2012

Current Eye Research

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Purpose The abducens (CN6) and oculomotor (CN3) nerves (nn) enter target extraocular muscles (EOMs) via their global surfaces; the trochlear (CN4) nerve enters the superior oblique (SO) muscle on its orbital surface. Motor nn are classically described as entering the EOMs in their middle thirds. We investigated EOM innervation that does not follow the classic pattern. Methods Intact, whole orbits of two humans and one each monkey, cow, and rabbit were paraffin embedded, serially sectioned in coronal plane, and prepared with Masson’s trichrome and by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry. Nerves innervating EOMs were traced from the orbital apex toward the scleral insertion, and some were reconstructed in three dimensions. Results Classical motor nn positive for ChAT entered rectus and SO EOMs and coursed anteriorly, without usually exhibiting recurrent branches. In every orbit, nonclassical (NC) nn entered each EOM well posterior to classical motor nn. These NC nn entered and arborized in the posterior EOMs, mainly within the orbital layer (OL), but often traveled into the global layer or entered an adjacent EOM. Other NC nn originated in the orbital apex and entered each EOM through its orbital surface, ultimately anastomosing with classical motor nn. Mixed sensory and motor nn interconnected EOM spindles. Conclusions EOMs exhibit a previously undescribed pattern of NC innervation originating in the proximal orbit that partially joins branches of the classical motor nn. This NC innervation appears preferential for the OL, and may have mixed supplemental motor and/or proprioceptive functions, perhaps depending upon species. The origin of the NC innervation is currently unknown.

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Pre‐ and Postnatal Development of the Eye: A Species Comparison

Cruchten

Vrolyk

Lepage

et al. 2017

Birth Defects Research

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In this review paper, literature data on pre- and postnatal eye development are compared between humans and nonclinical species that are commonly used for human safety assessment, namely, mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, minipig, and nonhuman primates. Some new data on rat and minipig ocular development are also included. This compiled information can be helpful for species selection in juvenile toxicity studies or assist in the interpretation of (non)clinical data during pediatric drug development. Despite some differences in developmental windows and anatomical peculiarities, such as the lack of a fovea centralis in nonprimate species or the presence of a nictitating membrane in some nonclinical species, the functioning and development of the eye is strikingly similar between humans and other mammals. As such, all commonly used nonclinical species appear to be relatively good models for human eye development, although some practical constraints such as size may be a limiting factor. Birth Defects Research 109:1540-1567, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Postnatal Changes in the Developing Rat Extraocular Muscles

Cited by 11 publications

References 33 publications

Development transitions of thin filament proteins in rat extraocular muscles

Development transitions of thin filament proteins in rat extraocular muscles

Nonclassical Innervation Patterns in Mammalian Extraocular Muscles

Pre‐ and Postnatal Development of the Eye: A Species Comparison

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