Postnatal changes in the development of rat submandibular glands in offspring of diabetic mothers: Biochemical, histological and ultrastructural study

Abstract

Development and maturation of submandibular salivary glands are influenced by intrauterine diabetic environment. Several studies investigated the effects of diabetes on the salivary glands. However, the effects of maternal diabetes on the submandibular glands of the offspring was not properly examined. Therefore, the present study was designed to describe the changes in the development of the submandibular glands of the offspring of diabetic mothers. The submandibular glands of the offspring of Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic female rats were examined at two and four weeks after birth. Detection of mRNA demonstrated that maternal diabetes affects the level of different indicators. The reduction of expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF); a protein mitogen, cytokeratin 5 (CK5); an epithelial cell progenitor, CK7 and aquaporin 5 (AQP5); differentiation markers and B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2); an antiapoptotic marker were found. Increase in Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax); an apoptotic marker was detected. These changes indicate their effects on saliva secretion, glands tumorigenesis, growth of normal oral flora and oral microbes, with decreased protein synthesis and production of xerostomia and dental caries. Loss of normal glandular architecture, significant increase in fibrosis, by the detection of collagen fibers, and stagnation of secretory granules were found with atrophic changes in the acinar cells. Marked defect of polysaccharides in the acinar cells, denoting functional changes, was manifested by significant reduction of the intensity of periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction. The positive immunoreactivity of caspase-3, denoting cellular apoptosis, and minimal reaction of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α SMA) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were evident in the offspring of diabetic mothers. We conclude that maternal diabetes produces degenerative effects in the structure and function of the submandibular salivary glands of the offspring, reflecting possible influences on their secretory activity affecting oral and digestive health.

Anti-diabetic effect of moringa oleifera extract on parotid gland of albino rats

“…The light microscopic examination of the parotid glands after diabetic induction in the present study revealed loss of acinar outlines with intracellular vacuolization and the gland begin to regain their symmetrical shape and size after receiving moringa oleifera, these results in agreement with Abir El Sadik et al, 2018 who found in their study after 2 week of diabetic induction that the salivary glands showed damaged effects in acini presented by multiple vacuoles with nucleus displacement while striated ducts presents atrophy and pyknotic nuclei and vacuoles surrounding cells, 18 .…”

“…Degenerated, swollen and irregular cristae of mitochondria. Irregular, dilated and degenerated rough endoplasmic reticula in cytoplasm, 18 .…”

Systemic translation of locally infiltrated epidermal growth factor in diabetic lower extremity wounds

“…EGF production is impaired by diabetes and it has been invoked as a major factor for wound chronification . Experimentally induced diabetes damages the submandibular salivary glands physiology, accounting for a concomitant reduction of EGF output . Furthermore, reduced levels of salivary EGF in diabetic patients contribute to the development of oral and systemic complications of diabetes .…”

“…43 Experimentally induced diabetes damages the submandibular salivary glands physiology, accounting for a concomitant reduction of EGF output. 44 Furthermore, reduced levels of salivary EGF in diabetic patients contribute to the development of oral and systemic complications of diabetes. 45 This theoretical background encouraged us to examine the possible impact of EGF infiltration on its salivary levels.…”

Insight into Salivary Gland Aquaporins

“…Although type 1 diabetes in rat and mouse animal models displays reduced saliva production, divergent data exist concerning a modification in AQP5 expression, localization and muscarinic agonist-induced translocation [ 79 , 124 , 125 ]. It is noteworthy that maternal type 1 diabetes induced postnatal changes in the development of rat SG in offspring, including decreased AQP5 expression [ 126 ]. Rats with type 2 diabetes displayed decreased saliva flow, inflammatory cell infiltration of SG and decreased AQP5 expression [ 127 ].…”