Postnatal development of monoamine content and synthesis in the cerebral cortex of rhesus monkeys

Goldman‐Rakic, Patricia S.; Brown, Roger M.

doi:10.1016/0165-3806(82)90146-8

Cited by 264 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Almost in parallel, serotonin immunoreactive varicosities increase synaptic formation between birth and 14 days of age, fall at 21 days, but subsequently increase to adult levels [53]. In the latedeveloping cortex [77], serotonin innervation prunes to adult levels after puberty. At this stage it is not clear, however, whether these changes in serotonin serve a guiding/trophic function in brain development, or whether marked neuronal overproduction has its own functional adaptations.…”

Section: Transient Receptor Expression Guides Innervationmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…For example, changes in the morphology of dopaminergic neurons occur with a similar time course as the peak of dopamine content in the cortex [77]. Similarly, alterations in synaptic density parallel density changes in receptor density for a number of neurotransmitter systems [138].…”

Section: Postnatal Brain Developmentmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Within the timeline, different brain regions have a unique course of ontogeny. Late developing structures, including the cortex, hippocampus and the cerebellum [77,103,107], set the stage for differential periods of vulnerability in a regionally specific manner.…”

Section: Normal Brain Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trajectories of brain development: point of vulnerability or window of opportunity?

Andersen

2003

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

1,325

1,006

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Brain development is a remarkable process. Progenitor cells are born, differentiate, and migrate to their final locations. Axons and dendrites branch and form important synaptic connections that set the stage for encoding information potentially for the rest of life. In the mammalian brain, synapses and receptors within most regions are overproduced and eliminated by as much as 50% during two phases of life: immediately before birth and during the transitions from childhood, adolescence, to adulthood. This process results in different critical and sensitive periods of brain development. Since Hebb (1949) first postulated that the strengthening of synaptic elements occurs through functional validation, researchers have applied this approach to understanding the sculpting of the immature brain. In this manner, the brain becomes wired to match the needs of the environment. Extensions of this hypothesis posit that exposure to both positive and negative elements before adolescence can imprint on the final adult topography in a manner that differs from exposure to the same elements after adolescence. This review endeavors to provide an overview of key components of mammalian brain development while simultaneously providing a framework for how perturbations during these changes uniquely impinge on the final outcome. q

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Section: Transient Receptor Expression Guides Innervationmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Postnatal Brain Developmentmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Trajectories of brain development: point of vulnerability or window of opportunity?

Andersen

2003

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

1,325

1,006

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“…In fact, the phase of increase in the density of neurotransmitter receptors occurs in parallel with an increase in cortical volume (35). Furthermore, the most significant decrease in receptor binding occurs during the period when the cortex stops growing or shows only a slight increase in overall volume (36) table (37,38). On the other hand, the period of overproduction and elimination of receptors corresponds rather closely to the course of synaptogenesis assessed by quantitative electron microscopy in the cortex of the same species (refs.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synchronized overproduction of neurotransmitter receptors in diverse regions of the primate cerebral cortex.

Lidow

Goldman‐Rakic

Rakić

1991

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

199

116

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A remarkable diversity of neurotrausmitter receptors develops concurrently in disparate areas of the primate cerebral cortex. The density of dopaminergic, adrenergic, serotonergic, cholinergic, and GABAergic receptors (where GABA is r-aminobutyric acid) in rhesus monkey reaches a maximum level between 2 and 4 months of age and then declines gradually to adult levels in all layers of sensory, motor, and association regions. The synchronized development of neurotransmitter receptors in diverse layers and regions of the neocortex occurs parn passu with synaptogenesis, demonstrating unusual coordination of biochemical and structural maturation and supporting the hypothesis that the entire cerebral cortex matures as an integrated network, rather than as a system-by-system cascade.

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“…Over the prepubertal period, serotonin and dopamine levels appear to fluctuate before rising to adult levels at puberty (Goldman- Rakic and Brown, 1982). However, differences exist between these two neurotransmitters.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Postnatal Development of Catecholamine and Serotonin Inputs to Identified Neurons in Prefrontal Cortex of Rhesus Monkey

2000

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The monoaminergic innervation of cerebral cortex has long been implicated in its development. Methods now exist to examine catecholamine and serotonin inputs to identified neurons in the cerebral cortex. We have quantified such inputs on pyramidal and nonpyramidal cells in prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkeys ranging in age from 2 weeks to 10 years. Individual layer III neurons were filled with Lucifer yellow and doubleimmunostained with axons containing either tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). The filled cells were reconstructed, and putative appositions between the axons and dendritic spines and shafts were quantified at high magnification using light microscopy.The density of catecholamine appositions on pyramidal neurons matures slowly, reaching only half the adult level by 6 months of age and thereafter rising gradually to adult levels by 2 years of age. By contrast, the density of serotonin appositions on pyramidal cells reaches the adult level before the second week after birth. The average adult pyramidal neuron in layer III of area 9m receives three times stronger input from catecholaminergic than from serotoninergic axons. The overall density of both inputs to interneurons does not appear to change during postnatal development. Selective changes in the TH innervation of pyramidal cells against a backdrop of constant TH innervation of interneurons suggest that the balance between excitation and inhibition may change developmentally in the prefrontal cortex. By contrast, 5-HT innervation of both types of neurons remains relatively constant over the age range studied.Key words: tyrosine hydroxylase; dopamine; serotonin; 5-hydroxytryptamine; pyramidal neuron; interneuron; rhesus monkey; nonhuman primate; prefrontal cortex Monoaminergic systems of the brain modulate excitatory transmission in cortical circuits that are critical for normal adult function of prefrontal cortex (Williams and Goldman-Rakic, 1995;Vollenweider et al., 1998). The same neurotransmitters have been implicated directly and indirectly in several aspects of neurodevelopment (Mattson, 1988;Levitt et al., 1997), in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (Lieberman, 1999), and in the psychotomimetic effects of certain hallucinogens (Breier, 1995;Farber et al., 1999;Gouzoulis-Mayfrank et al., 1999). There are timing similarities among the attainment of peak working memory performance (Diamond and Goldman-Rakic, 1989), the typical age of onset of schizophrenia (Lieberman, 1999), and the age at which certain drugs begin to trigger psychosis (Farber et al., 1999). These developmental parallels suggest that a detailed understanding of the postnatal changes in monoaminergic input to cortical neurons may shed light on the changes in circuitry needed for mature working memory performance, as well as on how this circuitry may become disrupted in psychosis.Monoamines have been extensively studied during embryonic development (Lauder and Bloom, 1974;Coyle and Molliver, 1977;Buznikov, 1984;Mattson, 1988;Verney et al., 1993;Levitt, 1...

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Postnatal development of monoamine content and synthesis in the cerebral cortex of rhesus monkeys

Cited by 264 publications

References 43 publications

Trajectories of brain development: point of vulnerability or window of opportunity?

Trajectories of brain development: point of vulnerability or window of opportunity?

Synchronized overproduction of neurotransmitter receptors in diverse regions of the primate cerebral cortex.

Differential Postnatal Development of Catecholamine and Serotonin Inputs to Identified Neurons in Prefrontal Cortex of Rhesus Monkey

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