Postnatal Development of the Human Sternum

O’Neal, Michael L.; Dwornik, Julian J.; Ganey, Timothy; Ogden, John A.

doi:10.1097/01241398-199805000-00024

Cited by 34 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…From 6-12 years of age, the ossification centers usually merge completely into a single ossification center. The calcification and the fusion of the sternebrae are usually complete by 25 years of age (6)(7)(8). Postnatal development, maturation, and ossification center development of the sternum differ significantly from person to person.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sternum consists of the following three parts: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process (XP) (1,2). The sternum develops over a long period of time, which begins during the prenatal period and continues through the third and fourth decades of the postnatal period (3)(4)(5)(6). Ossification centers in the manubrium and the body form on cartilage plates that are located on both sides of the middle line during the prenatal period.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of postnatal development and variations of sternum using multi-detector computed tomography

Bayaroğulları¹,

Yengil²,

Davran³

et al. 2013

Diagn Interv Radiol

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE PURPOSE We aimed to evaluate the postnatal development and the maturation of the sternum and sternal variations using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). Additionally, we aimed to examine the roles of gender and age in sternal development. MATERIALS AND METHODSTwo hundred and fifty patients who underwent thorax MDCT examinations were evaluated for sternal development and variations. Coronal curved planar reconstruction and maximum intensity projection images were used to better assess the ossification centers in the manubrium and the body of the sternum. Multiplanar images were used to accurately measure the thickness and the sagittal dimension of the manubrium, the sagittal dimension of the body, and the total sagittal dimension of the sternum in the sagittal plane. RESULTSNo significant differences in the manubrium measurements were observed between the genders. The thickness and sagittal dimension of the manubrium, sagittal dimension of the body, and total sagittal dimension of the sternum in the sagittal plane were significantly different between the age groups. We evaluated the ossification centers; shape and developmental variations in the manubrium and body; direction, calcification, and termination of the xiphoid process; developmental variations in the xiphoid process; and manubriosternal and sternoxiphoidal fusion. Significant variations were observed from person to person. CONCLUSIONThe anatomy and the developmental properties of the sternum should be well understood in cases of potential chest and sternum injuries and in several surgical procedures. Therefore, knowledge of the development and the maturation of the sternum, and sternal variations and anomalies is important. We suggest that the postnatal development and the morphogenesis of the sternum can be adequately assessed using MDCT.T he sternum is a flat bone that extends vertically through the middle of the anterior thoracic cage. The sternum consists of the following three parts: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process (XP) (1, 2). The sternum develops over a long period of time, which begins during the prenatal period and continues through the third and fourth decades of the postnatal period (3-6). Ossification centers in the manubrium and the body form on cartilage plates that are located on both sides of the middle line during the prenatal period. The ossification centers in the manubrium generally merge before birth. Two or more ossification centers that develop on each segment of the mesosternum (body) are referred to as sternebrae, which are located on cartilage plates on both sides of the middle line. From 6-12 years of age, the ossification centers usually merge completely into a single ossification center. The calcification and the fusion of the sternebrae are usually complete by 25 years of age (6-8). Postnatal development, maturation, and ossification center development of the sternum differ significantly from person to person.Several radiographic studies in the literature have evaluated sternal deve...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of postnatal development and variations of sternum using multi-detector computed tomography

Bayaroğulları¹,

Yengil²,

Davran³

et al. 2013

Diagn Interv Radiol

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“…McCormick & Nichols reported that ossification begins in manubrium and progresses to mesosternal (body) segments, presenting cranial to caudal development. The manubrium is reported to ossify first, in the 6 th fetal month (Kozielec, 1973;Kim et al, 1981;Odita et al, 1985;O'Neal et al, 1998). The mesosternum is reported to ossify in a craniocaudal direction, with ossification occurring first in segment 2 and last in segment 4.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Prevalence of Sternal Foramen: Quantitative, Anatomical Analysis and its Clinical Implications in Acupuncture Practice

et al. 2012

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SUMMARY:The aim of our study was to verify the prevalence of the sternal foramen in adult cadavers and dry bones, as well as to determine its exact localization and relation to acupuncture points. One hundred eighty sternums fixed and contained in 10% formaldehyde solution were examined, of which 100 were dry bones and 80 belonged to adult cadavers. The morphometric measures were expressed in millimeters when measuring the length: 1) from jugular incision to the foramen (JI-F); 2) from sternal angle to the foramen (EA-F); 3) from xiphoid process to the foramen (XP-F). Statistical analysis was performed to compare expected vs obtained foramina frequency, using Fisher's test (p≤0.05 was considered significant). The results showed 16.6% sternal foramina, significant higher than expected (p≤0.0248). Of the 30 foramina, 53.3% were found in cadavers, of which one was a woman, and 46.7% sternums were found in dry bones. Of the cadavers with sternal foramen, 10 foramina were at the 5th sternochondral articulation level and 6 foramina at the 4th sternochondral level. Of the 14 analyzed dry bones, 9 foramina were at the space between the 4th and the 5th costal pit level and 5 foramina were at the 5th costal pit level. The mean±SD (mm) total length of the sternums was 151.8±34 and the measures JI-F, EA-F, and XP-F were, respectively, 103.8±22.1mm, 65.6±15mm and 46.9 ±15mm. Knowledge of this occurrence is important to avoid serious heart injury by needle insertion, especially as this area holds a commonly used acupuncture point and sternal puncture.

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“…Although the tendency for calcification also shows a high degree of individual variation, O'Neal et al reported that the site of ossification is not present in the xiphoid process until the age of 6 years and, if ever present, rarely consists of more than one ossification center [21]. The ossification center is located at the proximal end of the xiphoid process, and ossification at this site results in the fusion of the sternum and the xiphoid process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous reports on the postnatal development of the human sternum were not thoroughly analyzed with histological methods but rather with radiographic methods. Much previous literature reports that human xiphoid process has a high degree of individual variation [19][20][21][22].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Xiphoid Process-Derived Chondrocytes: A Novel Cell Source for Elastic Cartilage Regeneration

Nam

Cho

et al. 2014

Stem Cells Translational Medicine

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Reconstruction of elastic cartilage requires a source of chondrocytes that display a reliable differentiation tendency. Predetermined tissue progenitor cells are ideal candidates for meeting this need; however, it is difficult to obtain donor elastic cartilage tissue because most elastic cartilage serves important functions or forms external structures, making these tissues indispensable. We found vestigial cartilage tissue in xiphoid processes and characterized it as hyaline cartilage in the proximal region and elastic cartilage in the distal region. Xiphoid process-derived chondrocytes (XCs) showed superb in vitro expansion ability based on colony-forming unit fibroblast assays, cell yield, and cumulative cell growth. On induction of differentiation into mesenchymal lineages, XCs showed a strong tendency toward chondrogenic differentiation. An examination of the tissue-specific regeneration capacity of XCs in a subcutaneous-transplantation model and autologous chondrocyte implantation model confirmed reliable regeneration of elastic cartilage regardless of the implantation environment. On the basis of these observations, we conclude that xiphoid process cartilage, the only elastic cartilage tissue source that can be obtained without destroying external shape or function, is a source of elastic chondrocytes that show superb in vitro expansion and reliable differentiation capacity. These findings indicate that XCs could be a valuable cell source for reconstruction of elastic cartilage. STEM CELLS

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Postnatal Development of the Human Sternum

Cited by 34 publications

References 12 publications

Evaluation of postnatal development and variations of sternum using multi-detector computed tomography

Evaluation of postnatal development and variations of sternum using multi-detector computed tomography

High Prevalence of Sternal Foramen: Quantitative, Anatomical Analysis and its Clinical Implications in Acupuncture Practice

Xiphoid Process-Derived Chondrocytes: A Novel Cell Source for Elastic Cartilage Regeneration

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