Postnatal Development of Vision in Human and Nonhuman Primates

Boothe, Ronald G.; Dobson, Velma; Teller, Davida Y.

doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.08.030185.002431

Cited by 363 publications

(145 citation statements)

References 165 publications

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“…It is surprising that suppression should develop so late in life, as the sensitive period during which abnormal visual experience affects visual development is thought to finish at about 7 years of age. [21][22][23] A suppression response was unequivocally demonstrated on either the Worth 4 dot test and using the synoptophore, so it seems unlikely that our patients were ignoring the second image.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular motility findings in chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia

Richardson

Smith

Schaefer

et al. 2004

Eye

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Aims To characterise the ocular motility features of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia by quantitative and semiquantitative means.To assess the prevalence of diplopia and the binocular adaptations to nonaligned visual axes. Method We studied 25 patients with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia. In each case muscle biopsies were consistent with mitochondrial myopathy. All patients underwent cover test in the primary position, assessment of binocular status, and measurement of uniocular fields of fixation using the Goldmann perimeter. Results A total of 23 (92%) patients had an exo-deviation, with six (26%) of those having an associated vertical deviation: 12 patients were binocular. Of the 13 patients with a manifest deviation seven had diplopia and six had suppression. Of all paired extra-ocular muscles (EOM), 68% had symmetry of movement within 51 of each other. Conclusion Almost all patients had an exodeviation. Diplopia was more common than expected. The majority of patients had symmetry of EOM limitation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular motility findings in chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia

Richardson

Smith

Schaefer

et al. 2004

Eye

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“…Influence from higher areas may feed back onto the area immediately surrounding the cortical blind spot and change the weighted inputs from the alternative sets of neurons to the neurons serving the cortical blind spot. Extensive feedback to Area 17 from higher cortical areas is in fact present in the macaque monkey (Van Essen, 1985), a primate species that has a visual system very similar to that of humans (Boothe, Dobson, & Teller, 1985). Verification of these notions could be obtained by direct single-cell recordings inside the cortical blind spot to examine the response to monocular stimulation of the area immediately surrounding the optic disk, and psychophysical investigations of interocular transfer from the eye serving the interior of the cortical blind spot to the eye in which the flliing in is observed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preattentive and cognitive effects on perceptual completion at the blind spot

Brown

Thurmond

1993

Perception & Psychophysics

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Our findings indicate that preattentive processes, such as the filling in of homogeneously colored areas, discrete dots, or bars across the blind spot, take into account both the color and the form that stimulate the retina around the optic disk. Perceptual completion of the "junction" of two opposite colors facing each other on opposite sides of the blind spot was resolved by simultaneous segregation of the two colors at the location of a filled-in perpendicular line that suggested a boundary separating the two colors. Orientation preference and relative salience of one color versus the other determined which color was perceptually completed in a forced-choice situation that involved perceptual completion at the intersection of a cross formed by bars of opposite colors. A I-min exposure to these stimuli presented an ambiguous situation for perceptual completion of either color within the blind spot, and resulted in a perceptual "flip-flop" from one color to the other, much like the phenomenon that occurs in figure reversal. Instructions to speed up this reversal process led to a fivefold reduction in latency to first reversal.The organic machinery that hums continuously below the threshold of visual consciousness seems to process optical input in a way that rapidly reduces the complexity of the world around us. These unconscious processes give us a final, comprehensive representation (at least an analogy) of the external world. Several theoretical positions currently bear on our understanding of how this is achieved.

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“…At the 17/18 border, ocular dominance distribution was biased towards the contralateral eye, which contrasts with the situation observed in NR adults where the ipsilateral eye dominates the population of TC units (c 2 test with Yates's correction, P < 0.05). This difference could, in theory, be attributed to the reduced ef®cacy of the deviated eye (Boothe et al, 1985;Milleret, 1994;Kiorpes & McKee, 1999). Surprisingly, however, the deviated eye dominated in A18 and there was no ocular bias in A17.…”

Section: Ocular Dominance Of Transcallosal Units (Fig 5)mentioning

confidence: 96%

Visual interhemispheric transfer to areas 17 and 18 in cats with convergent strabismus

Milleret¹,

Houzel²

2001

Eur J Neurosci

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Commissural connections between primary visual cortical maps of the two hemispheres are essential to unify the split representation of the visual ®eld. In normal adult cats, callosal connections are essentially restricted to the border between areas A17 and A18, where the central vertical meridian is projected. In contrast, early convergent strabismus leads to an expanded callosal-receiving zone, as repeatedly indicated by anatomical experiments. We investigated here the functional correlates of this widespread distribution of callosal terminals by analysing transcallosal visual responses in ®ve anaesthetized and paralysed 4± 10-month-old cats whose right eye had been surgically deviated on postnatal day 6. After acute section of the optic chiasm, single-unit activity was recorded from A17 and A18 of the right hemisphere while the left eye was visually stimulated. A total of 108/406 units were transcallosally activated. While they were more frequent at the 17/18 border (46% of the units recorded within this region), numerous transcallosally activated units were located throughout A17 (16%), A18 (27%) or within the white matter (17%). In all regions, transcallosally driven units displayed functional de®cits usually associated with strabismus, such as decreased binocularity and ability to respond to fast-moving stimuli, and increased receptive ®eld size. Many units also displayed reduced orientation selectivity and increased position disparity. In addition, transcallosal receptive ®elds were manifestly located within the hemi®eld ipsilateral to the explored cortex, with almost no contact with the central vertical meridian. Comparison with data from normal adults revealed that strabismus induced a considerable expansion of the callosal receiving zone, both in terms of the cortical region and of the extent of the visual ®eld involved in interhemispheric transfer, with implications in the integration of visual information across the hemispheres.

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Postnatal Development of Vision in Human and Nonhuman Primates

Cited by 363 publications

References 165 publications

Ocular motility findings in chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia

Ocular motility findings in chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia

Preattentive and cognitive effects on perceptual completion at the blind spot

Visual interhemispheric transfer to areas 17 and 18 in cats with convergent strabismus

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