Postnatal maturation of the sacrum and coccyx: MR imaging, helical CT, and conventional radiography.

Broome, Dale R.; Hayman, L. Anne; Herrick, Richard C.; Braverman, Richard M.; Glass, Ronald B. J.; Fahr, Linda M.

doi:10.2214/ajr.170.4.9530059

Cited by 39 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Each coccygeal vertebra ossifies from a centrum which appears after infancy; the first coccygeal vertebra has additional secondary ossification centers in the neural arch and transverse processes (Broome et al,1998). Fusion of primary and secondary ossification centers may not be complete until about 30 years of age (Broome et al,1988).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical anatomy of the coccyx: A systematic review

Woon

Stringer

2011

Clinical Anatomy

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The coccyx has been relatively neglected in anatomical research which is surprising given the population prevalence of coccydynia and our inadequate understanding of its etiology. This systematic review analyzes available information on the clinical anatomy of the coccyx. A literature search using five electronic databases and standard anatomy reference texts was conducted yielding 61 primary and 7 secondary English-language sources. This was supplemented by a manual search of selected historical foreign language articles. The coccygeal vertebrae, associated joints, ligaments and muscles, coccygeal movements, nerves, and blood supply were analyzed in detail. Although the musculoskeletal aspects of the coccyx are reasonably well described, the precise anatomy of the coccygeal plexus and its distribution, the function of the coccygeal body, and the anatomy of the sacrococcygeal zygapophyseal joints are poorly documented. Further research into the anatomy of the coccyx may clarify the etiopathogenesis of coccydynia which remains uncertain in one-third of affected patients.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical anatomy of the coccyx: A systematic review

Woon

Stringer

2011

Clinical Anatomy

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“…Fusion of the sacrum is not complete until about 30; however, all ossification centers are connected by bony tissue by 25 (Broome et al, 1998). The 3–5 vertebrae coccygeae (most commonly 4) display a variable pattern of sacrococcygeal and intercoccygeal ossifications (Broome et al, ; Woon et al, ) that result in the development of 1–3 ossa coccygeae (most commonly 2).…”

Section: Medieval Vesalian Early Modern and Modern Human Bone Countsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How many bones? Every bone in my body

Neumann

Gest

2019

Clinical Anatomy

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Textbooks frequently report that there are 206 human bones, or 200 bones and 6 auditory ossicles. The human bone counts in history and within adulthood were reviewed. Tallies of 197 to 307 bones have been reported over the past several centuries. The relatively low modern reckoning of 206 was due to exclusion of teeth and sesamoid ossicles, and to reassessments of the hyoid, sacrum, coccyx, and sternum as unitary bones. An audit of bone counts during adulthood failed to confirm a rational justification for the total of 206. The number is higher in young adults and lower in the elderly. Difficulties in establishing a definitive bone count include individual differences and the inconsistency of viewing the adult cranium as a collection of 21 bones. Clin. Anat. 33:187-191, 2020.

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“…According to embryologic studies, the 5 sacral bodies and arch ossification nuclei are present at 16 weeks' gestation . The sacrum ossifies in a caudal direction, with the S1–S3 centers ossifying between 10 and 12 weeks' gestation and S4 and S5 ossifying between 5 and 8 months' gestation . The coccyx is not ossified during gestation …”

Section: Standardization Of the Normal Sonographic Appearance Of The mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9,10 The sacrum ossifies in a caudal direction, with the S1-S3 centers ossifying between 10 and 12 weeks' gestation and S4 and S5 ossifying between 5 and 8 months' gestation. 11 The coccyx is not ossified during gestation. 12 On sonography, the S1 nucleus is visualized from 11 weeks' gestation ( Figure 2A Figure 3B).…”

Section: Standardization Of the Normal Sonographic Appearance Of The mentioning

confidence: 99%

How to Explore Fetal Sacral Agenesis Without Open Dysraphism: Key Prenatal Imaging and Clinical Implications

Mottet

Chaussy

Auber

et al. 2018

J of Ultrasound Medicine

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The estimated prevalence of fetal caudal dysgenesis is 1 per 100,000 births. The functional prognosis of sacral agenesis is dominated by the large spectrum of associated caudal malformations. Except for cases associated with hydrocephalus secondary to open spinal dysraphism or chromosomal anomalies, association with mental deficiency is rare. We propose a systematic prenatal approach to cases of fetal sacral agenesis based on 9 etiologic items: clinical context, type of sacral dysgenesis, associated spinal cord malformations, mobility of lower limbs, investigation of the presacral region, analysis of the gastrointestinal tract, analysis of the genitourinary tract, associated vertebral defects, and cytogenetic analysis.

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Postnatal maturation of the sacrum and coccyx: MR imaging, helical CT, and conventional radiography.

Cited by 39 publications

References 2 publications

Clinical anatomy of the coccyx: A systematic review

Clinical anatomy of the coccyx: A systematic review

How many bones? Every bone in my body

How to Explore Fetal Sacral Agenesis Without Open Dysraphism: Key Prenatal Imaging and Clinical Implications

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