Postprandial kinetics of some biotic and abiotic characteristics of the gastric ecosystem of horses fed a pelleted concentrate meal1

Varloud, Marie; Fonty, Gérard; Roussel, Allen J.; Guyonvarch, A.; Julliand, V.

doi:10.2527/jas.2006-182

Cited by 40 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Coenen et al (2006) alerted to the importance of elucidating microbial changes in the foregut of horses with laminitis. Varloud et al (2007) confirmed an abundant microbial colonization of the stomach of horses reported by other authors. According to de Fombelle et al (2003), the stomach had the highest anaerobic count of the total gastrointestinal tract (1.45 3 10 9 CFU/ml against 7.95 310 7 CFU/ml in the cecum) and high concentration, along with the small intestine, of lactobacillus, streptococci and lactate using bacteria, which suggests an important participation of these microorganisms in the degradation of highly fermentable carbohydrates.…”

Section: Stomachsupporting

confidence: 91%

Understanding the equine cecum-colon ecosystem: current knowledge and future perspectives

Santos¹,

Rodrigues²,

Bessa³

et al. 2011

Animal

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Having evolved as a grazing animal, a horse's digestive physiology is characterized by rapid gastric transit, a rapid but intense enzymatic digestion along the small intestine, and a long and intense microbial fermentation in the large intestine. The process of understanding and describing feed degradation mechanisms in the equine digestive system in general, and in the hindgut ecosystem in particular, is essential. Regardless of its importance for the nutritional status of the host, the significance of the cecum-colon ecosystem has not yet been fully understood, and few reports have focused deeply on the contribution of the hindgut microbial population to the nitrogen and energy requirements of the horse. Compared to ruminal activity, very little is known about hindgut ecosystem activity in the horse. Information concerning the metabolism of this microbial population and its requirements is lacking. The use of internal bacterial markers for quantifying microbial outflow in ruminants is widely reported. These techniques can be applied to cecum-colon microbial quantification, contributing to a better characterization of this ecosystem. It is likely wrong to believe that the optimization strategy in the hindgut is similar to what happens in the rumen -that is, to maximize microbial growth and, therefore, fermentation. If we consider the type of substrate that, in normal conditions, arrives in the hindgut, we can expect it to be nitrogen limiting, providing limited nitrogen-based substrates for microbial fermentation. In this review paper, we intend to gather existing information on the equine ecosystem and to provide future perspectives of research.Keywords: horse, cecum, colon, digestive strategy ImplicationsThe process of understanding and describing degradation mechanisms in the equine digestive ecosystem in general, and in the hindgut in particular, is essential to provide information for proper feeding practices to be implemented. Regardless of its importance for the nutritional status of the host, the significance of hindgut fermentation has not yet been fully understood, and few reports have focused deeply on the contribution of the hindgut microbial population to the nitrogen and energy requirements of the horse. In this review paper, we intend to gather existing information on the equine ecosystem and to provide future perspectives of research. IntroductionHorses are free-ranging herbivores of grassland environments adapted to eat large quantities of high fiber feeds (Janis, 1976;Bennett, 1980). Nowadays, with the increase of their use in sports and leisure, many horses are housed during long periods of time and fed daily on two or three meals of forages plus concentrate. The forage component of the diet is sometimes characterized by having low-tomedium energy concentration and variable levels of fiber and protein (Micol and Martin-Rosset, 1995). This pattern of feed supply is not as expected by the horse's phylogenetic adaptation to grassland environments (Janis, 1976). These management procedures have i...

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Section: Stomachsupporting

confidence: 91%

Understanding the equine cecum-colon ecosystem: current knowledge and future perspectives

Santos¹,

Rodrigues²,

Bessa³

et al. 2011

Animal

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“…Beside starch breakdown in the hindgut, it cannot be excluded that starch was already fermented in the stomach and small intestine. Varloud et al (2007) observed an increase in microbial activity in the equine stomach within 60 min after feed intake. The increase in microbial activity was accompanied by increasing glucose concentrations in the stomach chyme, which were five times higher at that time than in the initial fraction of the ingested feed, suggesting the presence of starch-degrading activity by the microbial population.…”

mentioning

confidence: 87%

Effects of feeding state on glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to a starchy meal in horses: a methodological approach

Vervuert

Klein

Coenen

2009

Animal

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A standardised methodology is required for classification of starchy diets. One important question is what feeding status is optimal to describe glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to the respective starchy diet. Four horses were fed, in a randomised order, four different feeding protocols relative to offering hay before or after cracked corn (CC): (i) ad libitum hay for 12 h before feeding CC and ad libitum hay after CC intake for 9 h (1CC1), (ii) ad libitum hay for 12 h before feeding CC and no hay after CC intake for 9 h (1CC2), (iii) feed restriction for 12 h before feeding CC and ad libitum hay after CC intake for 9 h (2CC1) and (iv) 1.2 kg hay/100 kg body weight (BW) per day, divided into two equal portions and offered at 0900 h and 1900 h, feed restriction for 12 h before feeding CC and no hay after CC intake for 9 h (2CC2). CC intake was adjusted to a starch intake of 2 g/kg BW. The different hay offerings did not affect basal plasma glucose and insulin levels. A significant rise in plasma glucose and insulin was found after CC intake for all diets. The highest peak glucose levels were analysed for 2CC1, and the lowest glucose peaks were found for 1CC2 (diet P , 0.05). The highest insulin peaks were monitored for 2CC1 (31.27 6 18.19 mU/ml) and lower peaks for 1CC2 (13.36 6 2.93 mU/ml) (diet P , 0.05). Insulin for 2CC2 and 1CC2 returned to resting values about 300 min after CC feeding. For 1CC1 and 2CC1, insulin levels were still above resting levels 510 min after CC intake (diet P , 0.05). The present data suggest that feed restriction for 12 h before feeding the starchy diet and no further roughage intake during blood sampling period provide the best-defined conditions. Keywords: feed restriction, starch intake, glucose, insulin, horses Implications A standardised methodology is required for classification of starchy diets (e.g. grain processing techniques) on glycaemic and insulinaemic responses in horses. Differences in results obtained for horses might be due to differences in experimental protocols. The present data suggest that feed restriction for 12 h before feeding the starchy diet and no further ingestion of roughage during the blood sampling period provides the best-defined conditions. Hay is a very heterogeneous feedstuff (e.g. large differences in nutrient composition or total amount of hay consumed during ad libitum access); therefore, a precise description of the side effects of hay composition on metabolic responses is hard to define. IntroductionIn horses, several studies have been conducted to describe glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to a starchy meal with a focus on grain origin (Stull and Rodiek, 1988; JoseCunilleras et al., 2004;Rodiek and Stull, 2007), different grain processing techniques (Vervuert et al., 2003(Vervuert et al., , 2004(Vervuert et al., , 2007(Vervuert et al., and 2008a or the interaction between starch and other nutrients like fiber (Stull and Rodiek, 1988;Radicke et al., 1994;Pagan and Harris, 1999;Harris et al., 2005;Vervuert et al., 2008b and2008c) or fat (...

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“…Fisiológicamente, la concentración de AGV disminuye acentuadamente cinco horas después de cada comida (18). En este estudio las toma de muestras fueron realizadas después de 12-14 horas de ayuno.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Con respecto al ácido láctico, trabajos describen abundante producción en el estómago del equino (19), en especial inmediatamente después del consumo del alimento (18). En contraste, las concentraciones del ácido láctico halladas fueron mínimas a las reportadas, tal vez el período de ayuno y el tipo y esquema de alimentación influyeron en estos resultados.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

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Efecto del aceite de maíz sobre los ácidos grasos volátiles en caballos con úlceras gástricas inducidas

Carmona

2016

Rev MVZ Córdoba

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Objetive. To determine the influence of corn oil on the volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations in the gastric juice in horses with phenylbutazone (PBZ) induced gastric ulcers and Correlate the gastroscopic findings with the VFA concentrations. Materials and methods. 15 horses were allotted in 3 groups. Group I (control) received placebo during first 6 days (induction period) and was treated with sucralfate for 2 weeks (treatment period). Groups II and III received PBZ during the induction phase. After 6 days, horses from group II received 70 mL of corn oil /100 kg of body weight/ po, twice a day, for 2 weeks and horses from group III received 90 mL of corn oil/100 kg of body weight/ po, twice a day, for 2 weeks. All horses were examined by gastroscopy at days 0, 7 and 21. The lesions were recorded and classified according to the number and severity. Samples from gastric fluid were taken to measure the concentrations of the acetic, propionic, butyric and lactic acids. Results. Both PBZ protocols produced lesions in the both non-glandular and glandular areas of the stomach. All the treatments produced healing of the injured mucosa glandular. Neither of the two corn oil treatments affected healing of the gastric ulcers located in the non-glandular area. Conclusions. The concentrations of acetic and butyric acids were highest in the gastric juice. The corn oil and sucralfate did not lead to differences in the concentration of acetic acid and butyric acid.Keywords: Equine, stomach, gastric juices, endoscopy, sucralfate (Sources: CAB, DeCs). RESUMENObjetivo. Determinar el efecto del aceite de maíz sobre la concentración de los ácidos grasos volátiles (AGV) en el jugo gástrico de caballos con úlceras gástricas inducidas con fenilbutazona (FBZ) y correlacionar los hallazgos gastroscópicos con las concentraciones de AGV. Materiales y métodos. 15 caballos fueron asignados en 3 grupos. El grupo I (control) recibió placebo durante los primeros 6 días (período de inducción) y fue tratado con sucralfato durante 2 semanas (período de tratamiento). Los grupos II y III recibieron FBZ en la fase de inducción. Después de 6 días, los caballos del grupo II recibieron 70 ml de aceite de maíz /100 kg de peso corporal / vo, dos veces al día, durante 2 semanas Effects of corn oil on the volatile fatty acids in horses with induced gastric ulcers Efecto del aceite de maíz sobre los ácidos grasos volátiles en caballos con úlceras gástricas inducidas

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Postprandial kinetics of some biotic and abiotic characteristics of the gastric ecosystem of horses fed a pelleted concentrate meal1

Cited by 40 publications

References 29 publications

Understanding the equine cecum-colon ecosystem: current knowledge and future perspectives

Understanding the equine cecum-colon ecosystem: current knowledge and future perspectives

Effects of feeding state on glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to a starchy meal in horses: a methodological approach

Efecto del aceite de maíz sobre los ácidos grasos volátiles en caballos con úlceras gástricas inducidas

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