Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adolescents after Hurricane Andrew

Garrison, Carol Z.; Bryant, Elizabeth; Addy, Cheryl L.; Spurrier, Pamela G.; Freedy, John R.; Kilpatrick, Dean G.

doi:10.1097/00004583-199509000-00017

Cited by 203 publications

(183 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…It was even more important than physical exposure, relationship to direct victims, bomb-related television viewing, and lingering safety concerns and worry in predicting PTSD reactions. These findings are consistent with other studies [25][26][27]29,[41][42][43] and support the inclusion of the child's subjective experience at the time of exposure in the diagnostic criteria for PTSD.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…[25][26][27][28][29] In a study of children after a school shooting, Schwarz and Kowalski 29 recommended that initial physiologic and emotional response be considered an aspect of exposure. Vernberg and colleagues 30 included perceived life threat in their measure of exposure in children following Hurricane Andrew; the exposure variable, in combination with other factors, was highly predictive of later PTSD symptoms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exposure and Peritraumatic Response as Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress in Children Following the 1995 Oklahoma City Bombing

Pfefferbaum

Doughty

Reddy

et al. 2002

Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure and Peritraumatic Response as Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress in Children Following the 1995 Oklahoma City Bombing

Pfefferbaum

Doughty

Reddy

et al. 2002

Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine

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“…In particular, PTSD is more prevalent in women than in men, irrespective of age (Breslau, Davis, Andreski, Peterson, & Schultz, 1997;Garrison et al, 1995;Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet, Hughes, & Nelson, 1995;Stein, Walker, Hazen, & Forde, 1997). It is possible that these types of general risk factors facilitate the early development of an underlying pathological factor, such as heightened affect distress, that renders women more prone to experiencing nightmares.…”

Section: More Prevalent Nightmares Among Women May Reflect Broader Gementioning

confidence: 99%

Disturbed dreaming, posttraumatic stress disorder, and affect distress: A review and neurocognitive model.

Levin

Nielsen

2007

Psychological Bulletin

527

557

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Nightmares are common, occurring weekly in 4%-10% of the population, and are associated with female gender, younger age, increased stress, psychopathology, and dispositional traits. Nightmare pathogenesis remains unexplained, as do differences between nontraumatic and posttraumatic nightmares (for those with or without posttraumatic stress disorder) and relations with waking functioning. No models adequately explain nightmares nor have they been reconciled with recent developments in cognitive neuroscience, fear acquisition, and emotional memory. The authors review the recent literature and propose a conceptual framework for understanding a spectrum of dysphoric dreaming. Central to this is the notion that variations in nightmare prevalence, frequency, severity, and psychopathological comorbidity reflect the influence of both affect load, a consequence of daily variations in emotional pressure, and affect distress, a disposition to experience events with distressing, highly reactive emotions. In a cross-state, multilevel model of dream function and nightmare production, the authors integrate findings on emotional memory structures and the brain correlates of emotion.Keywords: nightmares, distress, neurophysiology of fear memory, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychopathology Nightmares are the most common form of disturbed dreaming. Vivid, with emotions escalating at times to the brink of terror, they are manifestations of the dramatic autonomic and cognitive fluctuations that can arise during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and, under certain circumstances, during Stage 2 sleep. Nightmares can be simple and benign or so emotionally severe that they beg for comparison with psychotic episodes (C. Fisher, Byrne, Edwards, & Kahn, 1970;Hartmann, 1984;Sullivan, 1962). Occasional nightmares are almost ubiquitous in the general population. However, frequent distressing nightmares are more common than generally thought, affecting 4%-10% of individuals by conservative estimates. Nightmares are also extremely common following trauma exposure. Posttraumatic nightmares may depict traumarelated content and, in cases of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), may at times replicate the trauma with great distress (for review, see Mellman & Pigeon, 2005).There has been a proliferation of experimental work on posttraumatic and nontraumatic nightmares in the past 15 years, the vast majority of which has examined the psychopathological correlates of individuals with frequent nightmares. Furthermore, recent advances in neuroscience have greatly expanded our understanding of dreaming and related brain functions (Maquet, 2000;Maquet et al., 2000) as well as the pathogenic mechanisms implicated in fear conditioning and the development of PTSD (LeDoux, 2000;Ohman & Mineka, 2001). However, despite the clear implications of these developments for understanding nightmares, there are still no comprehensive models of nightmare etiology and no conceptual frameworks for understanding the link between posttraumatic and nontraumatic nightm...

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“…When comparing girls and boys, previous studies have shown that girls are more likely than boys to develop PTSD symptoms following disaster exposure (Garrison et al, 1995; Giannopoulou et al, 2006; John et al, 2007), although some studies find no such difference (Catani et al, 2008). We did not compare girls and boys regarding prevalence of symptoms, but our gender stratified analyses indicate that both genders show increased risk of symptoms of anxiety or worries but only boys show headache(s) and sleep disturbances.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With regard to predictive factors, some studies have found girls to be more likely than boys to show symptoms of post-traumatic stress following disasters (Garrison et al, 1995; Giannopoulou et al, 2006; John et al, 2007; Lai et al, 2013), while others have found no gender specific effects (Catani et al, 2008). In addition, research has indicated that experiencing secondary life stressors such as loss of home, having to change schools and shifts in parental employment and finances should increase the risk of adverse mental health outcomes among children post-disaster (Fan et al, 2011; La Greca et al, 2010; Silverman, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term health of children following the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption: a prospective cohort study

Hlodversdóttir

Thorsteinsdottir

Þórðardóttir

et al. 2018

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background: More than 500 million people worldwide live within exposure range of an active volcano and children are a vulnerable subgroup of such exposed populations. However, studies on the effects of volcanic eruptions on children’s health beyond the first year are sparse. Objective: To examine the effect of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption on physical and mental health symptoms among exposed children in 2010 and 2013 and to identify potential predictive factors for symptoms. Method: In a population-based prospective cohort study, data was collected on the adult population (N = 1615) exposed to the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption and a non-exposed group (N = 697). The exposed group was further divided according to exposure level. All participants answered questionnaires assessing their children´s and their own perceived health status in 2010 and 2013. Results: In 2010, exposed children were more likely than non-exposed children to experience respiratory symptoms (medium exposed OR 1.47; 95% CI 1.07–2.03; high exposed OR 1.52; 95% CI 1.03–2.24) and anxiety/worries (medium exposed OR 2.39; 95% CI 1.67–3.45; high exposed OR 2.77; 95% CI 1.81–4.27). Both genders had an increased risk of symptoms of anxiety/worries but only exposed boys were at increased risk of experiencing headaches and sleep disturbances compared to non-exposed boys. Within the exposed group, children whose homes were damaged were at increased risk of experiencing anxiety/worries (OR 1.62; 95% CI 1.13–2.32) and depressed mood (OR 1.55; 95% CI 1.07–2.24) than children whose homes were not damaged. Among exposed children, no significant decrease of symptoms was detected between 2010 and 2013. Conclusions: Adverse physical and mental health problems experienced by the children exposed to the eruption seem to persist for up to a three-year period post-disaster. These results underline the importance of appropriate follow-up for children after a natural disaster.

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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adolescents after Hurricane Andrew

Cited by 203 publications

References 31 publications

Exposure and Peritraumatic Response as Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress in Children Following the 1995 Oklahoma City Bombing

Exposure and Peritraumatic Response as Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress in Children Following the 1995 Oklahoma City Bombing

Disturbed dreaming, posttraumatic stress disorder, and affect distress: A review and neurocognitive model.

Long-term health of children following the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption: a prospective cohort study

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