Postural sway is not affected by estrogen fluctuations during the menstrual cycle

Reschechtko, Sasha; Nguyen, Thuy Ngoc; Tsang, Michelle; Giltvedt, Kristine; Kern, Mark; Hooshmand, Shirin

doi:10.14814/phy2.15693

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 58 publications

(82 reference statements)

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“…To verify MC phases, a combination of calendar-based counting, ovulation testing, and hormonal analysis was used as recommended in the literature. Estrogen levels increased from IFP to LFP, and a decrease was found from this phase to FLM in the group of women who did not use OC.Similarly,Reschechtko et al (2023) followed the behavior of young women who used OC (n = 32) and those who did not take OC (n = 19), to investigate associations between estrogen availability and postural oscillation. All participants visited the laboratory four times during the MC.…”

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confidence: 99%

Menstrual cycle and strength levels in women: a pilot study

Arantes,

Moreira,

Costa

et al. 2024

Cuad. Ed. Desar.

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It is speculated that hormonal fluctuations during the different menstrual cycle (MC) phases can influence physiological systems, such as musculoskeletal, and can also impact physical performance and quality of life. The aimed to check and compare the effects of MC on women's strength levels. The sample was made up of 18-30 years old women, who were using (G1) or not (G2) Oral Contraceptives (OC). Hormonal concentrations were determined using blood extraction, while muscle strength (FM) was assessed through the maximal dynamic strength (1RM) and muscle power tests at 40%, 60%, and 80%. The data were processed using two-factor ANCOVA (group and time), at a significance level of p < 0.05. Hormonal values showed greater significant differences in almost all hormones and G1 phases. The results of the FM tests showed a significant reduction of 1 RM (day 21) in G1, with a moderate effect size on days 21 and 11. In the G1 muscle power (MP) test, on day 01 there was a significant increase in 60% concerning day 11 and day 21. It can be considered that the hormonal behavior of both groups was maintained throughout the evaluations. Regarding FM manifestations, it is suggested that regular MC, without the use of OC, induces a reduction in FM levels during days 11 and 21 in women. However, the group that used OC had a larger effect size on 40% on day 01 and 40% on day 21.

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confidence: 99%

Menstrual cycle and strength levels in women: a pilot study

Arantes,

Moreira,

Costa

et al. 2024

Cuad. Ed. Desar.

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Effect of ovulation on postural sway in association with sex hormone variation across the menstrual cycle in college students: an observational study

Aziz

Wahab

et al. 2023

Bull Fac Phys Ther

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Background Poor balance associated with increased postural sway is a risk factor for the high incidence of injuries found during specific menstrual cycle phases. This fact led to the hypothesis that female reproductive hormones affect soft tissue and neuromuscular function, reducing postural balance and resulting in a high injury prevalence among female college students. So, the current study aimed to identify the influence of ovulation in association with sex hormone variation across the menstrual cycle on postural sway in college students. Material and methods Forty female college students were enrolled in this study. They were recruited among physical therapy students at Deraya University, New Minya, Egypt. They were aged from 17 to 22 years. They were allocated to a single group. Progesterone and estradiol blood levels were measured to detect the timing of the follicular and luteal phases, and a urine luteinizing hormone (LH) strip test was used to determine when ovulation occurred. The dynamic postural sway index was assessed by using the Biodex Balance system. All measurements were taken on the early follicular (1st–3rd) day, the ovulatory (11th–13th) day, and the mid-luteal phase (21st–23rd) day from the onset of menstruation. Results Statistical analysis showed that the anteroposterior, mediolateral, and overall sway index increased significantly during the ovulatory phase compared to the earlier follicular and mid-luteal menstrual cycle phases in female college students (P < 0.05). There was no significant variance between the early follicular and mid-luteal phases (P > 0.05). Conclusions It can be concluded that increased female sex hormones during ovulation affect postural sway, which may disturb balance and increase the risk of injuries in college students.

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The cardiovascular benefits of dark chocolate supplementation during high-intensity resistance exercise in the early follicular and mid-luteal phases of the menstrual cycle

Wang,

Fang,

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background: Dark chocolate, rich in flavanols, may support vascular health by reducing arterial stiffness and blood pressure across menstrual phases. This study examined the effects of 85% dark chocolate on nitric oxide (NO) levels and vascular function during high-intensity resistance exercise in healthy women across the early follicular and mid-luteal phases. Methods: Thirty-one healthy women (aged 20–30 years) with regular menstrual cycles completed a randomized, crossover study. Participants consumed either 85% dark chocolate or milk chocolate (1g/kg body weight) before high-intensity resistance exercise during the early follicular (days 2–5) and mid-luteal (days 18–24) phases of two menstrual cycles. Finger-toe pulse wave velocity (ftPWV), arterial stiffness, blood pressure, and plasma NO levels were measured at rest, 2 hours after chocolate consumption (baseline), immediately post-exercise (T0), and at 60 (T60) and 120 (T120) minutes post-exercise. Results: Dark chocolate supplementation significantly increased NO levels and reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP), ftPWV, and arterial pressure volume index (API) (p < 0.05) compared to milk chocolate across both menstrual phases. During the early follicular phase, dark chocolate also attenuated exercise-induced increases in arterial stiffness and blood pressure (p < 0.05). Conclusion: 85% dark chocolate supplementation may reduce the negative vascular effects of high-intensity resistance exercise, particularly by lowering blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and API, especially in the early follicular phase. These findings suggest that dark chocolate could be a practical, non-pharmacological intervention for improving cardiovascular health in women.

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Postural sway is not affected by estrogen fluctuations during the menstrual cycle

Cited by 3 publications

References 58 publications

Menstrual cycle and strength levels in women: a pilot study

Menstrual cycle and strength levels in women: a pilot study

Effect of ovulation on postural sway in association with sex hormone variation across the menstrual cycle in college students: an observational study

The cardiovascular benefits of dark chocolate supplementation during high-intensity resistance exercise in the early follicular and mid-luteal phases of the menstrual cycle

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