Potassium Nitraminofurazan Derivatives: Potential Green Primary Explosives with High Energy and Comparable Low Friction Sensitivities

Abstract

Lead-based primary explosives were widely applied in military and civilian ammunition, which have subsequently caused serious environmental and health-related problems. Therefore, the development of green alternatives for the lead-based primary explosives has been one of the major focuses in the field of energetic materials. Four potassium salts based on nitraminofurazan have been easily synthesized and show excellent comprehensive performances. Among them, potassium 3-dinitromethyl-4-nitraminofurazan (K DNMNAF, 1) showed better thermal stability (T : 281.4 °C), higher density (2.174 g cm ), and lower friction sensitivities (72 N) than that of potassium 4,5-bis(dinitromethyl)furoxanate (K BDNMF, T : 218.3 °C, density: 2.130 g cm , FS: 5 N, P: 27.3 GPa, v : 7759 m s ); furthermore, it displayed comparable detonation performances (P: 27.2 GPa, v : 7758 m s ). The promising properties of these salts make this kind of material a competitive alternative to lead azide as a primary explosive.

An Efficient Method of Preparation and Comprehensive Properties for Energetic Salts Based on Nitrofurazan‐Functionalized Hydroxytetrazoles

“…In order to evaluate the reliability and safety in the process of application, BAM standard method was used to determined the sensitivities (IS) and friction sensitivities (FS) for salts 2 ‐ 5 . Salt 2 showed unexpected low sensitivity (IS: 17 J, FS: 220 N), which are even superior to other reported potassium salts, such as potassium 4,5‐bis(dinitromethyl)furoxanate, potassium 3‐dinitromethyl‐4‐nitraminofurazanate and potassium 3,4‐dinitraminofurazanate . Therefore, it can be used as the candidate of stab‐insensitive initiator.…”

1,2,5‐Oxadiazole‐Based High‐Energy‐Density Materials: Synthesis and Performance

“…Therefore, a combination of dinitromethyl and nitramine functionalities with a furazan ring has recently been performed as a logical step in the design of energetic materials. Exhaustive nitration of (aminofurazanyl)chloroxime 19 with a mixture of N 2 O 5 and N 2 O 4 followed by a one‐pot treatment with KI afforded dipotassium salt 20 . Careful acidification of the salt 20 with subsequent neutralization with various nitrogen‐containing bases resulted in a structurally diverse series of highly energetic salts 21 a – f in moderate and good yields (Scheme ) …”

“…Unfortunately, it is twice more sensitive to friction (FS=64 N) than HMX (FS=120 N), which significantly limits its potential application as secondary explosive . On the other hand, dipotassium salt 20 has higher detonation velocity ( D =7758 m s −1 ) and is less sensitive than lead azide and, thus, it may be considered as promising green primary explosive …”

Novel Energetic Coordination Polymers Based on 1,5-Di(nitramino)tetrazole With High Oxygen Content and Outstanding Properties: Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Detonation Properties

“…Potassium-based energetic coordination polymers are considered to be promising “green” replacements of lead-based primary explosives. Recently, several new energetic coordination polymers as promising primary explosives based on furazano and tetrazolo energetic ligands, such as potassium 3-nitramino-4-tetrazolefurazanate (K 2 NATF) (Li Y. et al, 2017), potassium 3,6-bis(4-nitramino-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl)-1,2,4,5-dioxadiazinate (K 2 BNAFD) (Li Y. et al, 2017), potassium 3,4-bis(3-dinitromethylfurazan-4-oxy)furazanate (K 2 BDFOF) (Zhai et al, 2015; Li Y. et al, 2017), potassium 4,4′-bis(dinitromethyl)-3,3′-azofurazanate (K 2 BDNMAF) (Tang et al, 2016), potassium 3-dinitromethyl-4-nitraminofurazanate (K 2 DNMNAF) (Li Y. N. et al, 2017), potassium 3,4-dinitraminofurazanate (K 2 DNAF) (Li Y. et al, 2017) and potassium 4,5-bis(dinitromethyl)furoxanate (K 2 BDNMF) (He and Shreeve, 2016), potassium 1,1′-dinitramino-5,5′-bistetrazolate (K 2 DNABT) (Fischer et al, 2014; Yedukondalu and Vaitheeswaran, 2015), and potassium 1,1′-dinitramino-5,5′-azobitetrazole (K 2 ABNAT) (Fischer et al, 2016; Li Y. N. et al, 2017) were reported (Scheme 1). However, most of the above-reported coordination polymers do not own excellent detonation properties and have negative oxygen balances (OBs).…”