Potassium removal from soil by lucerne over three years and the effect of potassium topdressing

Lee, R.; Metson, A. J.

doi:10.1080/00288233.1977.10427322

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The dynamic nature of soil K is no less relevant in refuting the central assumption implicit to soil K testing, namely, that plant K availability is directly related to exchangeable K in the surface soil. Table 2 leaves no doubt that plant K uptake must originate from other sources, and is consistent with previous evidence that soil K reserves contribute considerable quantities of plant-available K 10 , 11 , 20 , 75 , 78 , 81 – 83 (see also supplemental references [14–26] for the online version of the paper).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

The potassium paradox: Implications for soil fertility, crop production and human health

Khan

Mulvaney

Ellsworth

2013

Renew. Agric. Food Syst.

103

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Intensive fertilizer usage of KCl has been inculcated as a prerequisite for maximizing crop yield and quality, and relies on a soil test for exchangeable K in the plow layer to ensure that soil productivity will not be limited by nutrient depletion. The interpretive value of this soil test was rigorously evaluated by: (1) field sampling to quantify biweekly changes and seasonal trends, (2) characterizing the variability induced by air drying and the dynamic nature of soil K reserves and (3) calculating the K balance in numerous cropping experiments. These evaluations leave no alternative but to question the practical utility of soil K testing because test values cannot account for the highly dynamic interchange between exchangeable and non-exchangeable K, exhibit serious temporal instability with or without air drying and do not differentiate soil K buildup from depletion. The need for routine K fertilization should also be questioned, considering the magnitude and inorganic occurrence of profile reserves, the recycling of K in crop residues and the preferential nature of K uptake. An extensive survey of more than 2100 yield response trials confirmed that KCl fertilization is unlikely to increase crop yield. Contrary to the inculcated perception of KCl as a qualitative commodity, more than 1400 field trials predominately documented a detrimental effect of this fertilizer on the quality of major food, feed and fiber crops, with serious implications for soil productivity and human health.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

The potassium paradox: Implications for soil fertility, crop production and human health

Khan

Mulvaney

Ellsworth

2013

Renew. Agric. Food Syst.

103

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“…The 198 kg ha −1 (1146–948 kg ha −1 ) of nonaccounted K could come from nonexchangeable K forms, as pointed out by Lee and Metson (1977) and Vough and Decker (1992) Similar findings were reported by others. Jouany et al (1996), working with calcareous soils in southwest France, reported that the K e content of nonfertilized plots declined only slightly (over a 25‐yr period) without reaching levels expected from nutrient balance estimates.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

Potassium Fertilization Effects on Alfalfa in a Mediterranean Climate

et al. 2001

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kg Ϫ1 , using short-season dormant or semidormant cultivars with reported annual DM yields of alfalfa that Potassium fertilization rates for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) have ranged generally between 10 and 15 Mg ha Ϫ1 in three been increasing with intensive cropping systems or decreasing with policies that generally lead to reduced fertilizer inputs. In this case, to four harvests per season (Markus and Battle, 1965; nutrient buildup or maintenance of high soil test levels may not be Lutz, 1973; Smith, 1975; Rominger et al., 1976; Fixen desirable and drawdown of K reserves may be beneficial in the short and Ludwick, 1983; Barbarick, 1985; Alva et al., 1986; term. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of Sheaffer et al., 1986; Burmester et al., 1991; Razmjoo potassium fertilization of alfalfa in areas of high soil exchangeable K and Henderlong, 1997). The reported results of these levels and long growing seasons. A field experiment was established trials show that the effects to the applications of K varied under irrigation from 1993 to 1997 in the Mediterranean environment with production practices, growing conditions, and soil of the Ebro Valley (Spain) on a silty clay loam soil. The treatments K contents, ranging from no DM yield response with were five annual rates of K (0, 41.5, 83, 166, and 332 kg K ha Ϫ1 ) and the application of 300 kg K ha Ϫ1 with a soil test level two rates of K (166 and 332 kg K ha Ϫ1 ) applied prior to seeding on of 75 mg K kg Ϫ1 (Lutz, 1973) to a maximum response two alfalfa cultivars. The average annual dry matter (DM) yield was 21.5 Mg ha Ϫ1 and showed a small linear response to K fertilization with the application 448 kg K ha Ϫ1 for a soil with extract-(Pr Ͼ F ϭ 0.0589). Total K removal in the herbage increased linearly able K of 55 mg K kg Ϫ1 (Rominger et al., 1976). These with each rate of K and reached 1728 kg K ha Ϫ1 with the application studies show that in general, K application increased of 332 kg K ha Ϫ1 yr Ϫ1 , compared with 1546 kg K ha Ϫ1 without K plant and soil K concentrations. fertilization. At the end of the experiment, soil ammonium acetateAlthough a survey of soil fertility and forage manageextractable K (K e ) increased little with K rates, and the differences ment specialists indicates that additional K is rarely were observed only in the first 30 cm of depth. Despite the uptake recommended when the concentration of exchangeable of 1546 kg K ha Ϫ1 , soil K e values did not change appreciably, suggesting K is greater than 300 kg ha Ϫ1 (about 150 mg K kg Ϫ1 ) in that much of the K uptake was derived from the fertilizer and from

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“…Alfalfa was grown in the field in central Washington and soil test levels were maintained by applications of 150 to 200 kg ha-1 K (James et al, 1975). However, and Smith and Powell ( 1979) measured alfalfa yield response to applications of up to 672 kg ha-1 • Lee and Metson (1977) also measured a greater alfalfa yield with K applications of 500 kg ha -I yr-1 than 0 or 250 kg ha -I yr-1.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Applications in the 200 kg ha-1 range generally agree with the optimum economic applications measured for the responsive soils in this study. The greater applications of , Smith and Powell (1979), and Lee and Metson ( 1977) may be required to grow the crop and to replenish intensely-depleted nonexchangeable soil K reserves and/or to build exchangeable K levels at depth in the soils.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The contributions ofK and P applications to alfalfa are well established (Baily, 1983;Burns et al, 1974;Havlin et al, 1984;James et al, 1975;Lee and Metson, 1977;Lutz, 1973;Smith and Powell, 1979), but they are often determined under conditions most favorable to alfalfa production rather than those less well suited. Also, the incidence and severity of some plant diseases in forage crops have been reported to be influenced by soil fertility (Huber, 1980;Leath and Ratcliffe, 1974).…”

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Production of Alfalfa in Pennsylvania Soils of Differing Wetness¹

Alva¹,

Lanyon²,

Leath

1986

Agronomy Journal

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Plant nutrient applications and plant disease resistance are management factors that may contribute to successful alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) production on soils that are not inherently well suited to growing alfalfa. Applications of K and P, and cultivar resistance to Phytophthora root rot (Phytophtora megaspermaf. sp. medicaginis; PRR) were evaluated on six well to poorly drained field soils to determine the contributions of these factors to alfalfa production under less than ideal conditions. The six soils were representative of two extensive soil associations in northwestern Pennsylvania. Factorial combinations of 0,175,350, and 525 kg ha−1yr−1K, and 45 and 90 kg ha−1yr−1P were applied annually for 3 yr. Significant yield response to only applied K was measured on two of the three soils of each association. Economic optimum rates for the 3 yr ranged from 137 to 263 kg ha−1yr−1K. Herbage K concentrations of 16.0 to 19.5 g kg−1and exchangeable soil K of 275 kg ha−1K were the minimum levels necessary to produce 90% of the maximum yield for the first harvest year. When the soil water table was within 50 or 25 cm of the soil surface at some time during the growing season, total yields for the 3‐yr period were reduced by 20 to 25% or 80 to 85%, respectively. Due to the lack of PRR development, cultivar resistance to PRR did not influence the total alfalfa yields. Neither management factor of nutrient application nor cultivar resistance to PRR could compensate for the adverse effects of excess soil wetness on alfalfa. The extent of the area in each association in which excess soil water would adversely alfalfa production ranges from 10 to 75%

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Potassium removal from soil by lucerne over three years and the effect of potassium topdressing

Cited by 8 publications

References 9 publications

The potassium paradox: Implications for soil fertility, crop production and human health

The potassium paradox: Implications for soil fertility, crop production and human health

Potassium Fertilization Effects on Alfalfa in a Mediterranean Climate

Production of Alfalfa in Pennsylvania Soils of Differing Wetness¹

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Potassium removal from soil by lucerne over three years and the effect of potassium topdressing

Cited by 8 publications

References 9 publications

The potassium paradox: Implications for soil fertility, crop production and human health

The potassium paradox: Implications for soil fertility, crop production and human health

Potassium Fertilization Effects on Alfalfa in a Mediterranean Climate

Production of Alfalfa in Pennsylvania Soils of Differing Wetness1

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Product

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Production of Alfalfa in Pennsylvania Soils of Differing Wetness¹