Although discussion of the role of urban agriculture in developing nations has occurred over the past decade, dialogue relating to urban agriculture in industrialized countries, including the United States (US) has only recently begun to attract significant attention. The unique factors that influence urban agriculture, including limited and non-traditional land access, use of reclaimed soils and alternative growing mediums, local legal and political environments, social and community-based missions, and involvement of non-traditional farmers, create a production system distinct from rural agricultural enterprises. In many cases, specific local environmental and external factors drive urban farms to develop unique innovations for space-intensive production systems, often creating a dominant paradigm for urban farming for a given location. Furthermore, non-production-related organizational goals are often the primary focus of urban agricultural operations, with the food production becoming a secondary objective. In order to address this information gap regarding the status of urban agriculture in the US, our project, centered at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, gathered data through site visits to and interviews of organizations in seven cities, examining how structural and strategic food system factors shape urban agricultural efforts. A broad range of operations are considered, including diverse business and production models based on both commercial and community-based management strategies and production in parking and vacant lots, warehouses, public land and peri-urban locations. Based on these observations, the unique innovations in space-intensive agricultural production that have arisen in response to urban food system factors are discussed. We conclude with an assessment of the most significant challenges continuing to face urban agriculture.following: community gardens, commercial gardens, community supported agriculture, farmers' markets, personal gardens, and urban farms'. The focus of this paper will be on agricultural production efforts that are located within, or are closely proximate to, a metropolitan area and strive to produce food to be consumed in the same area. Primary attention will be given to projects producing at the commercial or community level rather than solely for personal household consumption.Urban agriculture integrates a wide variety of production systems, ranging from models familiar to a typical rural farmer to techniques that push the limits of the definition of agriculture. This diversity includes both very high-tech approaches, such as nutrient film technology, and low-tech methods, such as planting into soil-filled recycled buckets. Although many aspects of urban agricultural production are similar to those of small-scale rural farms, several factors set it apart from traditional agricultural operations. Limited and non-traditional land access, use of urban soils and alternative growing media, unique legal and political environments, non-production-related missions and i...