Potencial del cultivo de aguacate (persea americana mill) en Ecuador como alternativa de comercialización en el mercado local e internacional

Abstract

El Ecuador, por su ubicación geográfica posee las condiciones climáticas adecuadas para el cultivo del aguacate, siendo las principales zonas productoras: Carchi, Imbabura, Pichincha, Tungurahua, Azuay y Loja. La variedad demandada a nivel internacional es la ‘Hass’; sin embargo en el mercado local es la aceptación es por la variedad ‘Fuerte’. Entre los principales países importadores y potenciales mercados de este frutal tenemos Estados Unidos, Francia, Holanda, Japón, entre otros. No obstante, las exportaciones de aguacate ecuatoriano han sido principalmente a Colombia (99 %), alcanzando un valor de 2.2 millones de dólares americanos; y en menor escala a las Antillas Holandesas, España y Holanda. El precio en el mercado local varía entre 1.06 y 1.90USD/kg, observándose inestabilidad; sin embargo, en el mercado europeo alcanza un valor de 3.60 USD/kg constituyéndose una alternativa atractiva para su comercialización. En el mercado local no existe una demanda insatisfecha debido a que la producción nacional se la comercializa casi en su totalidad en el país; mientras que existe una demanda insatisfecha a nivel internacional que constituye una oportunidad de mercado. Abstract Ecuador has adequate weather conditions for growing avocado due to its geographic location. The main producing areas are Carchi, Imbabura, Pichincha, Tungurahua, Azuay and Loja. ‘Hass’is the variety demanded in the international market; however the variety ‘Fuerte’ is the most consumed in the local market.Among the major importing countries and potential markets for this fruit are United States of America, France, Holland, Japan, among other.However, the Ecuadorian avocado exportation has been mainly to Colombia (99 %), reaching an amount of 2.2 million of American dollars; and a low scale to the Netherlands Antilles, Spain and Holland.The price in the local market varies between 1.06 and 1.90USD/kg, resulting in instability; on the other hand, in the European market it reaches a value of 3.60 USD/kg, constituting an attractive alternative for its commercialization. In the local market there is no an unsatisfied demands because local production is almost entirely marketed in the country; while there is an unsatisfied demand at the international level that constitutes a market opportunity.

Microbiota and its antibiotic resistance profile in avocado Guatemalan fruits (Persea nubigena var. guatemalensis) sold at retail markets of Ibarra city, northern Ecuador

“…S. xylosus is a ubiquitous species that lives on the mucous membranes and epithelium of animals, especially mammals (Nagase et al, 2002). Although this species is defined as non-pathogenic, a few strains were related to animal opportunistic infections (Siqueira and Lima, 2002;Dordet-Frisoni et al, 2007). BLASTN analysis against the 16S ribosomal RNA NCBI database indicated a 98.83% sequence identity of the A1 clone with S. caeli strain 82B (NR_180106.1) isolated from air sampling of an industrial rabbit held in Italy (MacFadyen et al, 2019).…”

“…In addition, anthracnose disease caused by fungi is a major concern both in the field and postharvest (Kimaru et al, 2020 ). The fruit ripening stage is an important postharvest criterion in product selection as the state of maturity greatly influences the shelf life or storage ability (Sotomayor et al, 2016 ). Temperature is the most important factor in the reduction of the fruit ripening process as it influences the kinetics of metabolic reactions and deterioration, and the speed of ripening and ethylene production increased at high temperatures; thus, these fruits must be stored in low temperatures (12–14°C).…”

Application of plant indices (red band and near-infrared) in avocado plantations

“… Image calibration: Agisoft Photo Scan software-generated information from the red (RED) and nearinfrared (NIR) bands, information that was uploaded into the QGis program to perform light calibration using the QGis add-on, called MAPIR, which reduces the error in the image produced by the effect of solar radiation that distorts the information of each pixel and generates a loss of true information (Figure 1).  Calculation of the transformed vegetation index (TVI): It was calculated using Equation (1).…”

“…is a traditional fruit in the diet of Ecuadorians; its delicate flavor becomes the perfect complement to accompany typical dishes of world cuisine and is generally consumed fresh. In Ecuador, the main avocado-producing areas are Carchi, Imbabura, Pichincha, Tungurahua, Azuay, and Loja [1] . According to agricultural statistics data for 2018 and 2019, about 6164, and 7125 ha of avocado were cultivated, respectively, with an average production of 2.9 and 3.7 t ha -1 , respectively [2,3] .…”

“…According to agricultural statistics data for 2018 and 2019, about 6164, and 7125 ha of avocado were cultivated, respectively, with an average production of 2.9 and 3.7 t ha -1 , respectively [2,3] . Unfortunately, the increase in the number of trees does not guarantee a proportional increase in production; in the case of avocado, it is due to the lack of implementation of adequate agronomic management (fertilization, irrigation, phytosanitary controls, and cultural work) and the implementation of new technological alternatives that allow a significant increase in production [1] .…”