Potential Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Spilanthes acmella and Its Health Beneficial Effects: A Review

Abstract

Oxidative stress and inflammation are two common risk factors of various life-threatening disease pathogenesis. In recent years, medicinal plants that possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were extensively studied for their potential role in treating and preventing diseases. Spilanthes acmella (S. acmella), which has been traditionally used to treat toothache in Malaysia, contains various active metabolites responsible for its anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and anesthetic bioactivities. These bioactivities were attributed to bioactive compounds, such as phenolic, flavonoids, and alkamides. The review focused on the summarization of in vitro and in vivo experimental reports on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions of S. acmella, as well as how they contributed to potential health benefits in lowering the risk of diseases that were related to oxidative stress. The molecular mechanism of S. acmella in reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory targets, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), transcription factors of the nuclear factor-κB family (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways were discussed. Besides, the antioxidant potential of S. acmella was measured by total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonid content (TFC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and superoxide anion radical scavenging (SOD) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) assays. This review revealed that S. acmella might have a potential role as a reservoir of bioactive agents contributing to the observed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and health beneficial effects.

Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant and Bone Anabolic Effects of Blainvillea acmella (L.) Philipson

“…Supplementary Tables S1, S2 showed the compound present in the B. acmella . There are new compounds detected in the present study compared to the review in previous studies ( Abdul Rahim et al, 2021 ) and it has been identified in other plants. The difference in the phytochemical present in the present study cultivated in Malaysia compared to the previous study cultivated over the world was due to the different environmental conditions.…”

“…Blainvillea acmella (L.) Philipson ( B. acmella ) [Asteraceae], synonym as Spilanthes acmella (L.) L. ( Figure 1 ) is a herbal plant belonging to the Asteraceae family ( Abdul Rahim et al, 2021 ). The flowers and leaves of B. acmella have a pungent taste and cause tingling and numbness on the tongue.…”

Antioxidant Effects of Sophora davidi (Franch.) Skeels on d–Galactose–Induced Aging Model in Mice via Activating the SIRT1/p53 Pathway

“…The iNOS can be induced or stimulated by various cytokines such as TNF-α, IL–1β, and IL-6. Under inflammatory conditions and oxidative stress, iNOS protein expression and iNOS gene transcription can be upregulated and remain active to produce enormous NO ( Abdul et al, 2021 ). NO has been associated with the pathogenesis and progression of several diseases, such as liver diseases, insulin resistance, obesity and diseases of the cardiovascular system ( Anavi and Tirosh, 2020 ).…”

A Review of the Chemistry and Biological Activities of Acmella oleracea (“jambù”, Asteraceae), with a View to the Development of Bioinsecticides and Acaricides

“…It seems that the antioxidant capacity depends on the presence of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and triterpenoids. Phenolic compounds have demonstrated strong protective effects in SH-SY5Y cells that were exposed to H 2 O 2 by upregulating SIRT1 and FoxO3a expressions [ 98 ].…”