Potential Antiviral Immune Response Against COVID-19: Lessons Learned from SARS-CoV

Akbarpour, Mahzad; Sharifi, Laleh; Safdarian, Amir Reza; Farhangnia, Pooya; Borjkhani, Mahdis; Rezaei, Nima

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-63761-3_9

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Moreover, the induction of trained immunity and its effects in the pathogenesis of autoinflammatory diseases has been an important tool in the management of serious viral infections, such as COVID-19 [ 191 ]. Based on this evidence, other researchers have also evaluated the role of influenza vaccination as an indirect system useful to increase the body’s defenses against COVID-19 [ 192 , 193 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autoinflammatory Diseases and Cytokine Storms—Imbalances of Innate and Adaptative Immunity

Marcuzzi

Melloni

Zauli

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Innate and adaptive immune responses have a well-known link and represent the distinctive origins of several diseases, many of which may be the consequence of the loss of balance between these two responses. Indeed, autoinflammation and autoimmunity represent the two extremes of a continuous spectrum of pathologic conditions with numerous overlaps in different pathologies. A common characteristic of these dysregulations is represented by hyperinflammation, which is an exaggerated response of the immune system, especially involving white blood cells, macrophages, and inflammasome activation with the hyperproduction of cytokines in response to various triggering stimuli. Moreover, hyperinflammation is of great interest, as it is one of the main manifestations of COVID-19 infection, and the cytokine storm and its most important components are the targets of the pharmacological treatments used to combat COVID-19 damage. In this context, the purpose of our review is to provide a focus on the pathogenesis of autoinflammation and, in particular, of hyperinflammation in order to generate insights for the identification of new therapeutic targets and strategies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autoinflammatory Diseases and Cytokine Storms—Imbalances of Innate and Adaptative Immunity

Marcuzzi

Melloni

Zauli

et al. 2021

IJMS

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“…Antibodies generated against the virus attach to the viral amino acid and recognize and bind to the host's ACTH due to their molecular resemblance. This binding restricts the effectiveness of the host's ACTH in stimulating corticosteroid secretion as a response to stress (11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adrenal Insufficiency in Patients with COVID-19

Hosseini Dasht Bayaz,

Hosseini Zargaz,

Ziaee

et al. 2023

Shiraz E-Med J

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Background: SARS-CoV-2, which emerged in China and spread globally, has been associated with adrenal insufficiency in numerous COVID-19 patients. The clinical evidence regarding adrenal involvement in COVID-19 patients is currently limited, primarily consisting of case reports and small patient series. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the variations in serum cortisol levels and evaluate the response of hospitalized COVID-19 patients to the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) test. Methods: This study was performed on patients with COVID-19 admitted to Valiasr Hospital, Birjand, Iran, in 2021. Sixty patients with COVID-19 were included in this study by simple random sampling. Patients' venous blood (5 mL) was collected in an EDTA anticoagulant tube. Blood samples were placed in a cool place, then 250 μg intramuscular cosyntropin was injected, and blood samples were taken again 60 minutes later. According to the kit protocol, cortisol levels were measured by a quantitative luminescence kit (Saluggia, Italy). Results: The study involved 60 participants, of which 32 were male (53.3%) and 28 were female (46.7%). The Mean participants' age was 63.1 ± 20.93. The median baseline cortisol serum levels were 28.075 µg /dL for men and 21.820 µg /dL for women. There was no significant difference between base cortisol serum levels (P-value = 0.248). After measuring the baseline cortisol levels in the studied patients, 21.7 % suffered from adrenal Insufficiency, 40 % were suspected of adrenal insufficiency and required cosyntropin injections, and 38.3 % did not have adrenal Insufficiency. Following the administration of cosyntropin injections, it was found that 33.3% of participants had adrenal insufficiency, while the remaining 66.7% did not exhibit any signs of adrenal insufficiency. Vital signs demonstrated that patients with adrenal insufficiency had notably lower mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and a statistically significant correlation was observed when comparing these two groups (P-value < 0.001 and P-value = 0.001, respectively). In assessing sodium and potassium serum levels between the two groups, individuals with adrenal insufficiency demonstrated lower average sodium levels (P-value < 0.001). At the same time, no noteworthy divergence was found in potassium levels between the groups (P-value = 0.587). Furthermore, no considerable discrepancy emerged in the in-hospital mortality rate during the patients' follow-up period (P-value = 0.322). As Adrenal insufficiency is life-threatening, early adrenal axis testing for COVID-19 patients with clinical suspicion of adrenal insufficiency should be carried out.

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“…Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the newly emerging coronavirus, was termed by the World Health Organization (WHO) shortly after the initial instances of lower respiratory tract infection, and the illness that resulted was called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (2,3). In the twenty-first century, three viral epidemics have been linked to Coronaviruses (CoVs): SARS, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and COVID-19 (4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%