Potential Applications of Lignin

Kienberger, Marlene

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-14618-4_12

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…For example, dilute acid pretreatment removes only a part of lignin, but the enzymatic digestibility of cellulose can also be increased due to hemicellulose removal, lignin redistribution and other structural changes induced [22]. Within the frame of a furan-based valorization process of lignocellulose, lignin remains as a side stream that can be utilized for numerous potential applications [43].…”

Section: Plant Cell Wall Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Routes in Transformation of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Furan Platform Chemicals: From Pretreatment to Enzyme Catalysis

2020

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The constant depletion of fossil fuels along with the increasing need for novel materials, necessitate the development of alternative routes for polymer synthesis. Lignocellulosic biomass, the most abundant carbon source on the planet, can serve as a renewable starting material for the design of environmentally-friendly processes for the synthesis of polyesters, polyamides and other polymers with significant value. The present review provides an overview of the main processes that have been reported throughout the literature for the production of bio-based monomers from lignocellulose, focusing on physicochemical procedures and biocatalysis. An extensive description of all different stages for the production of furans is presented, starting from physicochemical pretreatment of biomass and biocatalytic decomposition to monomeric sugars, coupled with isomerization by enzymes prior to chemical dehydration by acid Lewis catalysts. A summary of all biotransformations of furans carried out by enzymes is also described, focusing on galactose, glyoxal and aryl-alcohol oxidases, monooxygenases and transaminases for the production of oxidized derivatives and amines. The increased interest in these products in polymer chemistry can lead to a redirection of biomass valorization from second generation biofuels to chemical synthesis, by creating novel pathways to produce bio-based polymers.

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Section: Plant Cell Wall Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Routes in Transformation of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Furan Platform Chemicals: From Pretreatment to Enzyme Catalysis

2020

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“…Pulp and paper industries alone generate approximately 100 Mt/year of lignin with an annual growth rate of 2.2% . Although a major proportion of this is currently burnt as low-value fuel, the economic and environmental viability of large-scale biomass-derived fuel and chemical production technologies will depend on the higher value utilization of lignin. , Recent advancements in the knowledge of the structure and properties of lignin have enabled its use in multiple high-value applications, including drug carriers, emulsion stabilizers, antioxidants, and UV protection materials. ,− Furthermore, the performance and the variety of applications significantly increase with a decrease in the size of lignin particles. − Thus, developing large-scale processes for the conversion of commercially available bulk lignin to lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) while maintaining environmental benignity and economic viability is of great significance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 Although a major proportion of this is currently burnt as low-value fuel, the economic and environmental viability of large-scale biomassderived fuel and chemical production technologies will depend on the higher value utilization of lignin. 3,4 Recent advancements in the knowledge of the structure and properties of lignin have enabled its use in multiple high-value applications, including drug carriers, emulsion stabilizers, antioxidants, and UV protection materials. 3,5−7 Furthermore, the performance and the variety of applications significantly increase with a decrease in the size of lignin particles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlled Synthesis of Smaller than 100 nm Lignin Nanoparticles in a Furnace Aerosol Reactor

2023

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Lignin, a constituent of biomass, is a byproduct waste of the pulp and paper industry that may have several potential applications in nanoparticle form. Conventional synthesis of lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) involves physicochemical batch and multistep processes. We report here a continuous and single-step process for the synthesis of LNPs in a furnace aerosol reactor (FuAR) starting from bulk powders with minimal use of solvents. The synthesized LNPs were analyzed for their size distribution and functional group composition. Based on the changes in functional groups, the maximum temperature in the FuAR for obtaining LNPs without significant chemical degradation was found to be around 300 °C at a residence time of 5.8 s. The as-produced LNPs had a geometric mean diameter between 50 and 68 nm. Furthermore, the bulk and as-synthesized LNPs were tested for UV protection applications. The observed improvement in UV protection with a decrease in lignin particle size is systematically investigated using the optical absorption parameter, which provides a quantitative correlation for the effect of lignin particle size and mass concentration on UV protection performance. Overall, this study contributes to advancing lignin valorization by demonstrating the synthesis of LNPs using the scalable FuAR method and providing a novel quantitative correlation for the design of highperformance lignin-based UV protection materials.

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“…Common extraction methods to isolate lignin are kraft, soda, and sulfite processes and organosolv to a lesser extent, where greater than 90% of pulp is generated from the kraft process. However, impurities, molecular weight, and chemical properties of lignin can vary substantially based on the extraction method, plant source, plant growth region, and other factors. , The vast amount of lignin available in raw form and as a byproduct, in addition to its sustainability and aromatic structure, makes it desirable for a variety of carbon products such as fibers, activated carbon, carbon black, resins, adhesives, batteries, chemicals, polymers, and polyurethane foams. ,− Nevertheless, understanding the effect lignin sources have on the processing–structure–property performance relationships of lignin carbons requires the use of different characterization techniques in order to resolve these complex systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Nanocrystalline Graphite from Lignin Sources

García‐Negrón

Chmely

Ilavský

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Carbon composites are attractive to a variety of high-impact applications, such as carbon fibers, batteries, and vehicle parts, due to their multifunctional properties. The properties of carbon are highly dependent on the allotrope the carbon takes and the functionality, impurities, and defects contained within the structure. The increase in demand for sustainable carbon sources in energy storage devices motivates interest in understanding synthesis parameters of lignin value-added products. Also, as the dependence on oil for fuel decreases, alternative sources for carbon in many applications will be needed. In this work, the thermochemical conversion of lignin powders from different feedstocks was evaluated via small and wide-angle X-ray scattering techniques to resolve the amorphous, disordered, and crystalline domains present in the lignin carbons. Scattering analyses indicated an evolution of hierarchical structures along with an increase in ordered domains as a function of carbonization temperature. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to describe isotropic scattering intensity profiles at multiple length scales. The use of power law models in the mesoscopic region served as the basis to describe morphological changes related to structural features, for example, graphene stacking, degree of roughness, and surface fractals. Kraft softwood and switchgrass produced carbon powder with the most crystalline domains and the least surface roughness. Softwoods reached the highest degree of crystallinity followed by switchgrass samples and had less variability in particle sizes. These results suggest lignin carbons extracted from softwoods and switchgrass are viable substitutes for graphite. Interpretation of X-ray scattering data from lignin carbon powders elucidates feedstock-and processing-dependent morphological features across multiple length scales providing a straightforward framework to evaluate the feasibility of leveraging lignin carbons for producing tunable application-specific materials.

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Potential Applications of Lignin

Cited by 16 publications

References 47 publications

Novel Routes in Transformation of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Furan Platform Chemicals: From Pretreatment to Enzyme Catalysis

Novel Routes in Transformation of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Furan Platform Chemicals: From Pretreatment to Enzyme Catalysis

Controlled Synthesis of Smaller than 100 nm Lignin Nanoparticles in a Furnace Aerosol Reactor

Development of Nanocrystalline Graphite from Lignin Sources

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