“…Leonardite-derived humic substances apparently meet all of the above requirements (Senesi et al, 1991;Halim et al, 2003;Yuan and Theng, 2011). The humic substances in question contain only trace amount of heavy metals (Cd 0.16, Pb 9.59, Cu 12.49, Cr 8.73, As 6.41 Ni 13.93, Zn 37.56 mg/kg), far below the allowable metal concentration limit for farmland (The Ministry of Environmental Protection of People's Republic of China, 2006), Based on the trade-off between Cd removal efficiency and operational cost (e.g., time, water availability, and humic substances consumption), proper washing conditions can be determined to suit local soil properties, contamination levels, and remediation requirements.…”