Potential biomarkers for the early prediction of SARS-COV-2 disease outcome

Abstract

The current pandemic due to the fast spreading of SARS-CoV-2 infection has caused severe impairment in health, social, economic, scientific, and medical sectors across the globe. Owing to the not so well understood mechanism of disease pathogenesis in terms of variations in immune responses, there remains obscure why some of the patients who are infected by the novel SARS-CoV-2 develop an unpredictable clinical course that rapidly causes severe and deadly complications/manifestations. Currently, several assays are available for the confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection at the point of care. However, none of these assays can predict the severity of the COVID-19 disease. Thus, the identification of a prognostic biomarker that forecasts the condition of SARS-CoV-2 patients to develop a severe form of the disease could enable the clinicians for more efficient patient triage and treatment. In this regard, the present review describes the role of selected biomolecules that are crucially involved in the immune-pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection such as hyper-immune responsiveness, bradykinin storm and vascular leakage assuming these may serve as an effective prognostic biomarker in COVID-19 to understand the outcome of the disease. Based on the review, we also propose the development of a cost-effective SERS-based prognostic biosensor for the detection and quantification of biomolecules for use as a point-of-care system during a disease outbreak.

Activation of Sphingomyelinase-Ceramide-Pathway in COVID-19 Purposes Its Inhibition for Therapeutic Strategies

“…Furthermore ASM activity is positively associated with marker of impaired liver function such as ALT and bilirubin, which are both (beyond LDH) previously described as screening prognosticators of severe courses at early stages of the disease (94). The same is true with respect to ferritin as a surrogate for hyper-immune responsiveness, since baseline levels at ICU-admission are increased (Table 1) (95). Established biomarkers such as procalcitonin (p= 0.065) or SOFA-values (0.138) failed to reach the level of significance due to the small cohort of patients.…”

Early shedding of membrane-bounded ACE2 could be an indicator for disease severity in SARS-CoV-2

“…Since the early prognosis of disease outcome and effective disease management are the only way to prevent severe complications or death, the discovery of novel blood-based biomarkers in COVID-19 is urgently necessary. In this view, we have recently reviewed a set of potential biomarkers for the early prognosis of COVID-19 disease outcomes [ 29 ]. Indeed, several studies recommend that sACE2/human recombinant sACE2 could be a promising potential therapy for COVID-19 management [ [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] ].…”

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Strategies and the Potential Role of miRNA in the Assessment of COVID-19 Morbidity, Recurrence, and Therapy

“…Interestingly, six antiviral miRNAs, miR-1-3p, miR-17-5p, miR-199a-3p, miR-429, miR-15a-5p, and miR-20a-5p, have been reported to play a role in respiratory diseases influenza A and respiratory syncytial virus. They were downregulated in lung tissues during viral infection but were overexpressed in normal lung tissues [125,181]. The HMOX1, DNMT1, PLAT, GDF1, and ITGB1 gene expression products may also directly target the SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a and ORF8 regions.…”