Potential biomarkers of atopic dermatitis

Abstract

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory skin disease with a wide range of heterogeneity. Accurate biomarkers or predictors are the keys to instructing personalized tailored precise treatment. The development of technology such as transcriptomics, genomics, and proteomics provides novel insights into the possibility to find potential biomarkers. Meanwhile, emerging minimally invasive methods such as tape stripping were used to reveal different profiles of patients’ skin without biopsy. Several potential biomarkers or predictors have been found. In this review, we summarized the current development of potential biomarkers of AD. Nitric oxide synthase 2/inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2/iNOS), human beta-defensin-2 (hBD-2), and matrix metalloproteinases 8/9 (MMP8/9) may be the candidate biomarkers for AD diagnosis. Filaggrin (FLG) gene mutation increased the occurrence risk of AD. Fatty-acid-binding protein 5 (FABP5) may serve as an effective biomarker for the atopic march (AM). Squamous cell carcinoma antigen 2 (SCCA2), serum thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), cutaneous T-cell-attracting chemokine (CTACK), eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and interleukin (IL)-18 can be the candidate biomarkers for disease severity monitoring. IL-17, IL-23, IL-33, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) can be used as predictive biomarkers for AD comorbidities. LDH, TARC, pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine (PARC), periostin, IL-22, eotaxin-1/3, and IL-8 may be the candidate biomarkers for monitoring treatment effects. There are still unmet needs and a long way to go for more convenient, non-invasive, and effective predictors and biomarkers to better guide personalized precise treatment.

CLA + memory T cells in atopic dermatitis

“…Biomarkers obtained from tape stripping or skin biopsies, as well as biomarkers that correlate with AD comorbidities, were investigated. 88 The fact that CLA + T cells are effortlessly extracted from peripheral blood tests puts them under the category of minimally invasive biomarkers, 21 and reinforces their potential as disease biomarkers in AD.…”

Canine Models of Inflammatory Skin Diseases and Their Application in Pharmacological Research

“…It is a member of the Th2 chemokine family that is expressed in the thymus and on keratinocytes, T cells, and dendritic cells (Renert-Yuval et al, 2021). In human AD, CCL17/TARC has been used as a reliable biomarker for assessing ADrelated inflammation and for monitoring the severity of AD (Yu & Li, 2022). In veterinary medicine, Maeda et al (2005) demonstrated that TARC may be similarly implicated in the pathogenesis of canine AD.…”

CLA+ memory T cells in atopic dermatitis

“…Biomarkers obtained from tape stripping or skin biopsies, as well as biomarkers that correlate with AD comorbidities, were investigated. 101 The fact that CLA + T cells are effortlessly extracted from peripheral blood tests puts them under the category of minimally invasive biomarkers. 20 Moreover, their ability to predict and monitor therapeutic responses reinforces their potential as cellular peripheral biomarkers in AD.…”