Potential ecotoxicity of metals leached from antifouling paint particles under different salinities

Environmental concentrations of antifouling paint particles are toxic to sediment-dwelling invertebrates

“…By design, biocidal antifouling paints will constantly release metal ions into the surrounding water to prevent adherence and growth of fouling organisms, so it is expected that biocidal APPs will continue to emit Cu and Zn throughout their lifespan, although whether the rate of dissipation changes over time remains unclear. A number of studies have exposed marine organisms to APP leachate solutions, which have been routinely demonstrated to be readily taken up by biota and cause toxicity (Gammon et al, 2009;Katranitsas et al, 2003;Soroldoni et al, 2018b;Tolhurst et al, 2007). In the Plym estuary, the smallest APPs observed were 0.5 mm in size (Muller-Karanassos et al, 2019); detecting smaller particles was hindered by sampling and analytical limitations, however abiotic and biotic processes can be expected to contribute to the proliferation of even smaller APPs.…”

Advanced Numerical Method for Determining the Wetted Area of Container Ships for Increased Estimation Accuracy of Copper Biocide Emissions

“…The process shows the relationship between the release rate of copper biocides depending on the characteristics of the water, the most important being the salinity and pH of the water, as well as its temperature. The release rate in fresh water is less than that in salt water [5,9,10,27], while the increase in water temperature also leads to an increase in copper emissions from AF coatings [23]. The content of copper biocide in AF coating is a direct indicator of the efficiency of AF coating, since it has been shown that the emission of copper compounds from AF coating increases with the increase of weight-percent proportion (wt) of copper in coating [28], observing antifouling effect in coatings with the initial concentration of wt 20% copper oxide.…”

“…In AF coatings with biocide release excluding TBT, the most common are copper−and zinc−based compounds, most often Cu 2 O and ZnO [3,[5][6][7][8][9], with three modes of biocide action: coatings with contact release of biocides (hard matrix coatings), Controlled Depletion Polymer soluble coatings (CDP) and SPC coatings. In all coatings, the aim is to achieve a controlled release of biocide molecules from the polymer matrix (so called binder), while the release mechanisms themselves differ.…”

Review: ecotoxicity of organic and organo-metallic antifouling co-biocides and implications for environmental hazard and risk assessments in aquatic ecosystems

“…Considering that the behavior and effects of most single chemicals are still not fully understood, uncovering the overlapping effects of many antifoulants along with several other types of contaminants is an even harder task (van Gestel et al 2010). In addition, quite specific uptake routes must be considered for antifouling biocides, such as the ingestion of paint particles, which may be aggravated by the improper use and removal of antifouling paints (Thomas & Brooks 2010, Soroldoni et al 2017. On top of that, there are many uncertainties of extrapolating laboratory observations to real ecosystems (Chapmen 1995;Lombardo et al 2015;Forbes & Galic 2016).…”