Potential Effect of DPP-4 Inhibitors Towards Hepatic Diseases and Associated Glucose Intolerance

Abstract

Dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is an enzyme having various properties and physiological roles in lipid accumulation, resistance to anticancer agents, and immune stimulation. DPP-4 includes membrane-bound peptidases and is a kind of enzyme that cleaves alanine or proline-containing peptides such as incretins, chemokines, and appetite-suppressing hormones (neuropeptide) at their N-terminal dipeptides. DPP-4 plays a role in the final breakdown of peptides produced by other endo and exo-peptidases from nutritious proteins and their absorption in these tissues. DPP-4 enzyme activity has different modes of action on glucose metabolism, hunger regulation, gastrointestinal motility, immune system function, inflammation, and pain regulation. According to the literature survey, as DPP-4 levels increase in individuals with liver conditions, up-regulation of hepatic DPP-4 expression is likely to be the cause of glucose intolerance or insulin resistance. This review majorly focuses on the cleavage of alanine or proline-containing peptides such as incretins by the DPP-4 and its resulting conditions like glucose intolerance and cause of DPP-4 level elevation due to some liver conditions. Thus, we have discussed the various effects of DPP-4 on the liver diseases like hepatitis C, non-alcoholic fatty liver, hepatic regeneration and stem cell, hepatocellular carcinoma, and the impact of elevated DPP-4 levels in association with liver diseases as a cause of glucose intolerance and their treatment drug of choices. In addition, the effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on obesity and their negative aspects are also discussed in brief.

Exploring Promising Therapies for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A ClinicalTrials.gov Analysis

“…27 Research has suggested that DPP-4 inhibitors could have therapeutic implications in NAFLD due to their influence on hepatic lipid metabolism and their inherent anti-inflammatory attributes. 28 In preclinical models, Evogliptin has demonstrated notable benefits by mitigating hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. 29 One trial incorporated Evogliptin to evaluate its efficacy and safety for T2DM patients concurrently diagnosed with NAFLD.…”

Emerging Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol (CBD) in Neurological Disorders: A Comprehensive Review

“…In this overview, we will explore the emerging therapeutic potential of CBD in neurological disorders [22]. CBD has been found to interact with the body's endocannabinoid system (ECS) [23], which is involved in regulating various physiological processes, including pain sensation, mood, appetite, and immune function [24]. CBD's interaction with the ECS has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and antioxidant effects, which could be beneficial in treating neurological disorders [25].…”

A Comprehensive Review of the Pharmacological Importance of Dietary Flavonoids as Hepatoprotective Agents

“…Diferent plant tissues contain favonoids either internally or externally [8]. Te pharmaceutical and biological ascribe to favonoids such as antimalarial, cytotoxic, anticancer, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, antileishmanial, antitrypanosomal, antiinfammatory, and neuroprotective antiamoebic and also efective in the therapy of age-related factors, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease [8,9]. Tese qualities are typically attributed to their capacity for metal chelation, activity in scavenging free radicals, and degree of specifcity in protein binding ability.…”