Potential Erythropoiesis in the Primo-Vascular System in Heart Failure

The primo vascular system (PVS) is of great interest to scientists in the last few years. The PVS plays a role in stem cell migration, immune function, erythropoiesis, tissue regeneration, and cancer metastasis. Discovered by Bong Han Kim in 1960, the PVS was described as a new, independent system that is distributed in the body of different animals. Since then, several cells have been discovered as important constituents of the PVS. Endothelial cells are hallmarks for the identification of the PVS, as they line the sinuses of the primo vessels and are characterized by their arrangement of rod-shaped nuclei in a parallel, broken-line fashion along the primo vessels. Immune cells as mast cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, and lymphocytes are also hallmarks for the identification of the PVS. One of the most interesting cells in the PVS are p-microcells. Primo nodes are a stem cell niche due to their p-microcells content, which express stem cell biomarkers CD133 and Oct 4. Mature erythrocytes and hematopoietic stem cells have also been observed in the PVS. Hematopoietic stem cells were observed in the PVS. Hematopoietic Stem Cells are the source of the cellular component of blood. Additionally, adrenaline and noradrenaline-producing cells, mesothelial cells, and smooth-muscle-like cells have also been described in the PVS.

Section: Erythrocytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cellular Architecture of the Primo Vascular System

Mustafa

2022

“…In case of bleeding and contamination of the PVS tissue by blood, such tissues were excluded from the analyses. Therefore, the red color in the some PVS tissues analyzed must be from the chromophore from the PVS tissue itself as shown previously [7]. For hematoxylin and eosin staining, the tissues were sectioned in paraffin and stained according to conventional protocols.…”

Section: ) Sampling Of the Ospvs Tissues And Stainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The earlier observation on the erythropoietic changes in the primo nodes were further confirmed by recent studies using animal models of heart failure and acute hemolytic anemia. in 2017, Lim et al [7] showed in a rat model of heart failure (HF) that hyperplastic changes associated with hematopoiesis were observed in the primo vascular system (PVS) tissue isolated from the organ surface of the abdominal cavity (osPVS). In the study, there were significant increases in the number, size, and proportion of red-colored tissues in the osPVS in HF rats.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adrenergic Control of Primo Tissue Size in Rats

Shen

Kim

Ryu

2022

Self Cite

Background: Hyperplastic morphological changes associated with erythropoiesis have been reported in the primo vascular system (PVS) tissue on the surface of abdominal organs in rats with heart failure (HF) or hemolytic anemia (HA). Objectives: Since adrenergic activity is commonly activated in both HF and HA, we investigated whether adrenergic signaling mediates the abovementioned morphological changes. Methods: We compared the effects of adrenolytic treatments (exercise training and 6-hydroxydopamine) on the gross morphology of the PVS tissues isolated from organ surfaces in HF or HA rats. HF and HA were induced by ligating the left coronary artery and injecting phenylhydrazine, respectively. We further compared the effects of norepinephrine and norepinephrine plus α-or β-adrenoceptor blockers. Results:The number of samples per rat, PN size, and proportion of red-colored samples in the PVS tissue increased in the HF and HA rats. These changes were reversed by adrenolytic treatments. Interestingly, 6-hydroxydopamine also reversed phenylhydrazineinduced hemolytic changes in erythrocytes. Subcutaneous administration of norepinephrine (3 mg/kg/d) increased the sampling frequency per rat and the PN size, but these effects were blunted at a higher dose (10 mg/kg/d). Norepinephrine administration had little effect on the proportion of red-colored tissues. Norepinephrineinduced morphological changes were completely blocked by a β-adrenoceptor antagonist (propranolol) but increased slightly by an α-adrenoceptor antagonist (phentolamine). Conclusion: Adrenergic signaling controls hyperplastic changes in the organ surface PVS in rats. These findings may explain the morphological dynamics of the PVS tissues proposed by Bong Han Kim and further clarify the pathophysiological roles of the PVS.

“…The vascular circulatory system carries nutrients and oxygen to cells in living things, and the lymphatic circulatory system functions in eliminating pathogens and viruses. However, the PVS can be viewed as a circulatory system that plays a therapeutic function in regenerating the body tissues [8]. The current strategies for achieving cytokine inhibition include cytokine receptor inhibition and depletion of specific immune cells in addition to steroid therapy [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injection Effect of Anti-CD3 Monoclonal Antibody on Primo Vessel in Lymph Vessel of Rabbit with Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation

Choi

Lee

2022

Background: The primo vascular system can be viewed as a circulatory system that plays a therapeutic function in regenerating the body tissue. The anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody was used as an immunotherapeutic agent to treat the novel coronavirus infection . Objectives: In this study, we observed the effect of injecting lymph nodes with Foralumab, an anti-human CD3 epsilon therapeutic monoclonal antibody, on primo vessels. Methods: The structure and atomic stoichiometry of the antibody were determined by transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Alcian blue dying solution was injected into the lymph nodes of the abdominal vena cava of rabbits, and the solution further flowed into the lymph vessels. Results: A primo vessel with primo nodes stained with Alcian blue was clearly visible in the lymph vessel. By injecting Foralumab into lymph nodes of rabbits with lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation, the floating primo vessel in the lymph vessel appeared thicker and was distinctly visible. Conclusion:The observation of the primo vessel post-treated with Foralumab in the inflamed lymphatic system suggests the possibility of a functional role of the primo vascular circulatory system in pathophysiological conditions.