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To my beloved parents and Fabi, This thesis is dedicated to you, with immeasurable gratitude and profound love. Your unwavering support, encouragement, and sacrifice have been the bedrock upon which my academic journey has been built. Your faith in me, even during my moments of doubt, has been a constant source of inspiration. Your sacrifice has allowed me to pursue my dreams with unrelenting determination. I am eternally grateful for it.This thesis stands as a testament to the love and support you have generously bestowed upon me. It is a reflection of the values and principles you instilled in me, and a tribute to the incredible parents who have always believed in my potential, even when I haven't myself.With all my heart, I dedicate this thesis to you, my pillars of strength, my mentors, and my greatest supporters. Thank you for being the wind beneath my wings, propelling me toward academic achievement and personal growth.With deepest love and gratitude, Valentina viii I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all those who have been instrumental in the successful completion of my master journey. Without your support, guidance, and encouragement, this accomplishment would not have been possible.First and foremost, I extend my sincere appreciation to my advisor Colombo, whose unwavering dedication, expertise, and invaluable insights have been the cornerstone of this research. Your mentorship has not only enriched my academic experience but also inspired me to push the boundaries of knowledge.I am deeply indebted to the entire IGc -Geoscience Institute and IEE -Energy and Environment Institute for fostering an intellectually stimulating environment that nurtured my research endeavors. The collaborative spirit and resources provided by the institutes played a fundamental role in shaping the outcome of this thesis.My gratitude extends across borders to my friends from another life, you have been a source of camaraderie, support, and moments of respite throughout this journey. Your presence, both in the academic and personal spheres, has made this experience all the more enriching.To my friends in Brazil, o meu bloquinho de meninas, who have offered friendship, cultural exchange, unwavering encouragement and warm hugs. Your diverse perspectives and love have broadened my horizons and enriched my life.Lastly, I would like to acknowledge all the individuals, institutions, and resources that have contributed to this thesis as well: The amazing technical support from Samuca from LTA laboratory, the Scanning electron microscopy laboratory, in charge of Eng. Isaac, the X-ray fluorescence laboratory and help of tec. José Paulo Sertek and the Optical microscopy laboratories of the IGc.
To my beloved parents and Fabi, This thesis is dedicated to you, with immeasurable gratitude and profound love. Your unwavering support, encouragement, and sacrifice have been the bedrock upon which my academic journey has been built. Your faith in me, even during my moments of doubt, has been a constant source of inspiration. Your sacrifice has allowed me to pursue my dreams with unrelenting determination. I am eternally grateful for it.This thesis stands as a testament to the love and support you have generously bestowed upon me. It is a reflection of the values and principles you instilled in me, and a tribute to the incredible parents who have always believed in my potential, even when I haven't myself.With all my heart, I dedicate this thesis to you, my pillars of strength, my mentors, and my greatest supporters. Thank you for being the wind beneath my wings, propelling me toward academic achievement and personal growth.With deepest love and gratitude, Valentina viii I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all those who have been instrumental in the successful completion of my master journey. Without your support, guidance, and encouragement, this accomplishment would not have been possible.First and foremost, I extend my sincere appreciation to my advisor Colombo, whose unwavering dedication, expertise, and invaluable insights have been the cornerstone of this research. Your mentorship has not only enriched my academic experience but also inspired me to push the boundaries of knowledge.I am deeply indebted to the entire IGc -Geoscience Institute and IEE -Energy and Environment Institute for fostering an intellectually stimulating environment that nurtured my research endeavors. The collaborative spirit and resources provided by the institutes played a fundamental role in shaping the outcome of this thesis.My gratitude extends across borders to my friends from another life, you have been a source of camaraderie, support, and moments of respite throughout this journey. Your presence, both in the academic and personal spheres, has made this experience all the more enriching.To my friends in Brazil, o meu bloquinho de meninas, who have offered friendship, cultural exchange, unwavering encouragement and warm hugs. Your diverse perspectives and love have broadened my horizons and enriched my life.Lastly, I would like to acknowledge all the individuals, institutions, and resources that have contributed to this thesis as well: The amazing technical support from Samuca from LTA laboratory, the Scanning electron microscopy laboratory, in charge of Eng. Isaac, the X-ray fluorescence laboratory and help of tec. José Paulo Sertek and the Optical microscopy laboratories of the IGc.
The transition of the oil and gas industry toward renewable energy demands effective plugging and abandonment (P&A) of aging reservoirs. The first step of the P&A process involves depressurizing the annulus and production tubing by clogging the flow path from the bottom of the well. Under challenging conditions, the P&A process faces significant difficulties due to downhole issues like mineral scale deposition. This study introduces an innovative thermoresponsive polymer gel designed to temporarily seal low-permeability chalk reservoirs by direct injection into the reservoir formation. The gel, synthesized from polyacrylamide through free radical polymerization and modified via partial amination, forms a stable three-dimensional network when combined with an organic cross-linker. This stability is achieved in response to the low-temperature ranges (60−80 °C) characteristic of these wells. This development not only facilitates temporary P&A but also presents a viable alternative to cement for P&A, potentially preserving wells for future CO 2 storage. It could also be used to seal off a reservoir after CO 2 injection, to avoid potential future CO 2 leak. The study's novelty lies in its focus on plugging low-permeability environments (around one millidarcy), a comparatively underexplored area. The gel's performance was evaluated under various pH, temperature, and salinity conditions, and in both fractured and nonfractured chalk core samples using a core flooding system and 3D imaging with microcomputed tomography for real-time monitoring. Our findings reveal significant insights into the gel's behavior, distribution, and the broader implications for its application in challenging geological settings.
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is recognized as a potent strategy for managing the accumulation of human-generated CO2 in the atmosphere, helping to alleviate climate change’s effects. The CO2 gas is captured from the point source through methods such as pre-treating fossil fuels, oxy-fuel combustion, or post-combustion capture; thereafter; it is transported to a storage location and injected into geological formations. This article provides an overview of carbon dioxide capture and sequestration, focusing on its key principles, technologies, associated risks, and challenges. Direct Air Capture (DAC) and Scalable Modelling, Artificial intelligence (Al), Rapid Theoretical calculations SMART technologies are detailed as emerging and promising approaches to CO2 capture. Numerous pilot and commercial projects commissioned to manage carbon dioxide emissions are presented. Additionally, the paper explores approaches combining geological, geophysical, geochemical, and environmental monitoring techniques to ensure the secure and sustainable storage of CO2 underground. These are essential to address uncertainties, minimize risks, and build public confidence in CCS as a viable climate mitigation strategy. The successful deployment of these technologies on a global scale will require continued innovation, particularly in the areas of monitoring, risk management, and public engagement. Emerging technologies such as AI and SMART systems could play a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency and safety of CCS operations. However, the integration of these advancements with existing infrastructure and regulatory frameworks remains a challenge. Ultimately, a multi-disciplinary approach, combining technological, economic, and regulatory perspectives, will be vital to realizing the full potential of CCS in combating climate change.
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