Potential for Zika virus transmission by mosquitoes in temperate climates

Blagrove, Marcus S. C.; Caminade, Cyril; Diggle, Peter J.; Patterson, Edward I; Sherlock, Ken; Chapman, Gail E.; Hesson, Jenny C.; Metelmann, Soeren; McCall, Philip; Lycett, Gareth; Medlock, Jolyon M.; Hughes, Grant L; Torre, Alessandra della; Baylis, Matthew

doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.0119

Cited by 19 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…caspius 1946–2010 59 [ 57 , 150 ] Sindbis virus (SINV) [ 98 ] Tahyna virus (TAHV) [ 122 ] Usutu virus (USUV) [ 44 ] Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) [ 139 , 145 ] West Nile virus (WNV) [ 59 , 116 ] Ae. detritus 1924–2007 53 [ 39 , 81 ] Zika virus (ZIKV) [ 22 ] Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) [ 146 ] Japanese Encephalitis (JEV) [ 101 ] Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) [ 97 , 139 ] West Nile virus (WNV) [ 21 ] Cx. pipiens 1916–2013 257 [ 8 , 56 ] Tahyna virus (TAHV) …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling and mapping the habitat suitability and the potential distribution of Arboviruses vectors in Morocco

et al. 2021

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Mosquitoes transmit several agents of diseases and the presence of different species represents a threat to animal and public health. Aedes and Culex mosquitoes are of particular concern giving their potential vector competence for Arbovirus transmission. In Morocco, the lack of detailed information related to their spatial distribution raises major concerns and hampers effective vector surveillance and control. Using maximum entropy (Maxent) modeling, we generated prediction models for the potential distribution of Arboviruses vectors (Aedes aegypti, Ae. vexans, Ae. caspius, Ae. detritus, and Culex pipiens) in Morocco, under current climatic conditions. Also, we investigated the habitat suitability for the potential occurrence and establishment of Ae. albopictus and Ae. vittatus recorded only once in the country. Prediction models for these last two species were generated considering occurrence datasets from close countries of the Mediterranean Basin, where Ae. albopictus is well established, and from a worldwide database for the case of Ae. vittatus (model transferability). With the exception of Ae. vittatus, the results identify potential habitat suitability in Morocco for all mosquitos considered. Existing areas with maximum risk of establishment and high potential distribution were mainly located in the northwestern and central parts of Morocco. Our results essentially underline the assumption that Ae. albopictus, if not quickly controlled, might find suitable habitats and has the potential to become established, especially in the northwest of the country. These findings may help to better understand the potential distribution of each species and enhance surveillance efforts in areas identified as high risk.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling and mapping the habitat suitability and the potential distribution of Arboviruses vectors in Morocco

et al. 2021

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“…Stochastic, deterministic and phylogeographic methods have all been adopted to investigate ZIKV spread (Figure 2 ). Deterministic models use a set of input parameters, often from experimental findings or from the literature, to generate estimates on epidemiological characteristics that quantify spread, 9–13 whereas stochastic models predict or infer retrospectively the process (or parameters) of spread using methods based on statistical theory. 14–24 Deterministic models are effective for estimating mosquito–human interactions that facilitate infection 9–11 , 15 , 23 , 25 , 26 but they are unable to account for the inherent stochastic nature of disease transmission.…”

Section: Model Typementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Deterministic models use a set of input parameters, often from experimental findings or from the literature, to generate estimates on epidemiological characteristics that quantify spread, 9–13 whereas stochastic models predict or infer retrospectively the process (or parameters) of spread using methods based on statistical theory. 14–24 Deterministic models are effective for estimating mosquito–human interactions that facilitate infection 9–11 , 15 , 23 , 25 , 26 but they are unable to account for the inherent stochastic nature of disease transmission. 10 , 12 , 13 The majority of existing studies use stochastic models, which can flexibly integrate high-resolution information about environmental conditions and vector competence and thereby model fine-scale spatial heterogeneities in disease spread.…”

Section: Model Typementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The geographic spread of ZIKV has been assessed extensively at the country and local level, with time intervals ranging from weekly to monthly (Figure 2 ). In addition to conducting analysis at the global level, 9 , 13 , 18 , 21 , 38 , 40 studies have focused on the Latin American and Caribbean region, 20 , 28–30 , 33 , 36 , 41 Africa and Asia-Pacific, Oceania, Europe 12 , 23 and on specific countries such as the USA, 11 , 15 , 27 , 31 Colombia, 16 , 19 , 34 , 42 Brazil 3 , 10 , 37 , 43 and Singapore. 22 , 44 Multi-scale analysis 29 , 44 and models that integrate data at different temporal and spatial scales 27 , 40 , 43 can help to infer risk factors or make accurate predictions on geographic spread.…”

Section: Spatial and Temporal Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of models applied to the geographic spread of Zika virus

Messina

Pybus

et al. 2021

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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In recent years, Zika virus (ZIKV) has expanded its geographic range and in 2015–2016 caused a substantial epidemic linked to a surge in developmental and neurological complications in newborns. Mathematical models are powerful tools for assessing ZIKV spread and can reveal important information for preventing future outbreaks. We reviewed the literature and retrieved modelling studies that were developed to understand the spatial epidemiology of ZIKV spread and risk. We classified studies by type, scale, aim and applications and discussed their characteristics, strengths and limitations. We examined the main objectives of these models and evaluated the effectiveness of integrating epidemiological and phylogeographic data, along with socioenvironmental risk factors that are known to contribute to vector–human transmission. We also assessed the promising application of human mobility data as a real-time indicator of ZIKV spread. Lastly, we summarised model validation methods used in studies to ensure accuracy in models and modelled outcomes. Models are helpful for understanding ZIKV spread and their characteristics should be carefully considered when developing future modelling studies to improve arbovirus surveillance.

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“…Additionally, arboviruses cause significant economic loss by harming livestock and ecological consequences when infecting wildlife. These effects are compounded by the recent and continual expansion in geographic range of most arboviruses, such as Zika virus [2] and the zoonotic West Nile virus [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune priming can prevent WNV establishment inCulex quinquefasciatusmosquitoes: evidence for immune priming based reversal of WNV-mediated immune suppression

Blagrove

2021

Preprint

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Mosquito-borne infectious diseases cause wide-spread loss of life and livelihood often in low-income settings. However, control of mosquito-vectored viral diseases such as West Nile virus (WNV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) remains challenging. Here we use an existing feature of the insect immune system to effectively vaccinate Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes against WNV infection. We find that priming mosquitoes by exposure to inactivated WNV reduces their likelihood of developing transmissible infections of WNV after live infection. We used RNA sequencing to identify gene expression in response to WNV and JEV infection, and the role of prior priming exposure on constitutive and induced expression on infection. Infection with either Flavivirus causes broad suppression of gene expression. WNV and JEV infection resulted in suppression of different suites of genes with notable immune genes, such as antimicrobial peptides, being strongly suppressed on WNV infection. We hypothesise that the increased resistance to WNV infection seen in primed mosquitoes may be the result of priming nullifying the immune suppression found in non-primed WNV-fed mosquitoes, potentially through greater expression of mRNA regulatory genes such as cap-binding proteins in primed mosquitoes.Author summaryMosquitoes vector many devastating infectious diseases. Two such vectored viral diseases are West Nile virus (WNV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Control of these diseases remains challenging, and no vaccine exists for WNV. Here, we tested whether we could instead vaccinate the mosquitoes against WNV. By injecting mosquitoes with dead WNV we found that we could reduce the number of infected mosquitoes by half. We then used whole-genome RNA sequencing to identify which genes are transcribed, which will help us understand genes that are important for this form of insect immune priming, and for responses to normal WNV and JEV infection. We found that WNV suppresses the expression of many immune genes but these genes are expressed normally in vaccinated mosquitoes. Our findings expand our understanding of mosquito infection with these viruses but also demonstrate how prior exposure to a disease can produce lasting protection.

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Potential for Zika virus transmission by mosquitoes in temperate climates

Cited by 19 publications

References 49 publications

Modeling and mapping the habitat suitability and the potential distribution of Arboviruses vectors in Morocco

Modeling and mapping the habitat suitability and the potential distribution of Arboviruses vectors in Morocco

A review of models applied to the geographic spread of Zika virus

Immune priming can prevent WNV establishment inCulex quinquefasciatusmosquitoes: evidence for immune priming based reversal of WNV-mediated immune suppression

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