Potential fresh water saving using greywater in toilet flushing in Syria

Mourad, Khaldoon A.; Berndtsson, Justyna Czemiel; Berndtsson, Ronny

doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.05.004

Cited by 98 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Where GW is defined as the wastewater from baths, showers, handbasins, washing machines, dishwashers and kitchen sinks and excludes streams from toilets [12]. There are numerous case studies of installed GW systems within individual family dwellings, multiple housing dwellings, multi-storey office buildings and individual (multi-room) hotel buildings [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Toilet flushing is a frequently cited GW application.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shared Urban Greywater Recycling Systems: Water Resource Savings and Economic Investment

Zadeh

Hunt

Lombardi³

et al. 2013

Sustainability

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Abstract:The water industry is becoming increasingly aware of the risks associated with urban supplies not meeting demands by 2050. Greywater (GW) recycling for non-potable uses (e.g., urinal and toilet flushing) provides an urban water management strategy to help alleviate this risk by reducing main water demands. This paper proposes an innovative cross connected system that collects GW from residential buildings and recycles it for toilet/urinal flushing in both residential and office buildings. The capital cost (CAPEX), operational cost (OPEX) and water saving potential are calculated for individual and shared residential and office buildings in an urban mixed-use regeneration area in the UK, assuming two different treatment processes; a membrane bioreactor (MBR) and a vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW). The Net Present Value (NPV) method was used to compare the financial performance of each considered scenario, from where it was found that a shared GW recycling system (MBR) was the most economically viable option. The sensitivity of this financial model was assessed, considering four parameters (i.e., water supply and sewerage charges, discount rate(s), service life and improved technological efficiency, e.g., low flush toilets, low shower heads, etc.), from where it was found that shared GW systems performed best in the long-term. OPEN ACCESSSustainability 2013, 5 2888

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shared Urban Greywater Recycling Systems: Water Resource Savings and Economic Investment

Zadeh

Hunt

Lombardi³

et al. 2013

Sustainability

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“…Additionally, the source of water used by water tankers is usually unknown and is often thought to be of inferior quality. [7] Filtration, sedimentation, disinfection Spain 14 [23] Rotating biological contactors Israel 6.4-15 [29] Filtration, sedimentation, aeration, disinfection India 2 [30] Constructed wetland Syria 3-7 [31] Fixed bed reactor, UV Brazil 5 Figure 1: Location of the study area.…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Onsite Graywater Reclamation Towards Alleviating Water Shortages at the Household Level

Najm¹,

Hasan²,

Alameddine³

et al. 2017

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

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Population growth and development, coupled with potential climate change impacts, are invariably associated with chronic water shortages particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, we evaluate the potential of using onsite graywater reclamation systems towards alleviating water shortages. For this purpose, we developed and administered a field questionnaire to assess the socioeconomic feasibility and public willingness towards the installation of such systems at the household level. Overall, 66% of the surveyed population approved of graywater reuse as compared to 48% who reported willingness to reuse wastewater. The results showed that acceptance of graywater reuse was a function of environmental awareness, household ownership, the age of the respondent, and access to alternative water sources. While graywater reuse can reduce water demand, its economic viability was found to be contingent on reforming the existing public water tariff structure. Under existing water use rates, the payback period for retrofitting a residence with a graywater reclamation system exceeded 30 years but went down to 9-12 years after accounting for water procurement from outside the network. The study concludes with a SWOT analysis and a management framework to integrate graywater reclamation as a source of water to supplement existing sources and help alleviate water shortages.

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“…Na świecie znaleźć można jednak przykłady instalacji, w których z powodzeniem zastępuje ona wodę wodociągową zużywaną do spłukiwania toalet, mycia samochodów, prania, irygacji terenów uprawnych czy nawadniania terenów zielonych [6,12,16,21,23,30,49]. Najczęściej woda deszczowa wykorzystywana jest do spłukiwania toalet w budynkach mieszkalnych [11,[13][14][15].…”

Section: Wprowadzenieunclassified

Life cycle costs analysis of the systems allowing water and energy consumption reduction in a single-family dwelling house

Stec

Kordana

2014

JCEEA

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Rozwój gospodarczy i postępująca urbanizacja przyczynia się do degradacji śro-dowiska naturalnego i wyczerpywania się jego zasobów. Powoduje to potrzebę poszukiwania alternatywnych źródeł wody i energii. W związku z tym przeprowadzono badania, których celem była ocena opłacalności zastosowania różnych technologii umożliwiających zredukowanie zużycia wody z sieci wodociągowej oraz gazu ziemnego wykorzystywanego do jej podgrzewania. Analizie poddano rozwiązania instalacji uwzględniające odzysk ciepła ze ścieków za pomocą wymiennika ciepła DWHR oraz wykorzystanie ścieków szarych i wody deszczowej do spłukiwania toalet i podlewania ogrodu. W badaniach zastosowano metodologię Life Cycle Cost, która uwzględnia nie tylko początkowe nakłady inwestycyjne, ale również koszty eksploatacyjne ponoszone w całym okresie funkcjonowania systemu. W obliczeniach uwzględniono coroczny wzrost jednostkowych cen zakupu gazu ziemnego i wody, a także zmianę wartości pieniądza w czasie. Przeprowadzona analiza wykazała znaczny wpływ przyjętego czasu eksploatacji instalacji na otrzymane wyniki badań.Słowa kluczowe: analiza finansowa, odzysk ciepła ze ścieków, recykling ścieków szarych, wykorzystanie wody deszczowej WprowadzenieZaspokojenie potrzeb higieniczno-sanitarnych człowieka nie byłoby moż-liwe bez stałego dostępu do wody oraz nośników energii wykorzystywanych do jej podgrzewania. Rozwojowi gospodarczemu świata, w tym także i Polski, towarzyszy ciągły wzrost zapotrzebowania na te cenne zasoby, jednakże nie _____________________________________ 1 Autor do korespondencji/corresponding author: Agnieszka Stec, Politechnika Rzeszowska, al. Powstańców Warszawy 6,

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Potential fresh water saving using greywater in toilet flushing in Syria

Cited by 98 publications

References 19 publications

Shared Urban Greywater Recycling Systems: Water Resource Savings and Economic Investment

Shared Urban Greywater Recycling Systems: Water Resource Savings and Economic Investment

Onsite Graywater Reclamation Towards Alleviating Water Shortages at the Household Level

Life cycle costs analysis of the systems allowing water and energy consumption reduction in a single-family dwelling house

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