Potential Harmful Effects of Carbamazepine on Aquatic Organisms, A Study Using Ants as Invertebrate Models

Abstract

One of the most common pharmaceutical substances present in natural water is carbamazepine, a drug given to persons suffering from epilepsies or pain in their cerebral nervous system, and eliminated intact by the kidneys through sewage systems into rivers. This substance may affect macroinvertebrates and vertebrates depending on watercourses. We thus studied its physiological and ethological effects on ants used as biological models. Carbamazepine decreased the ants' speed of locomotion, increasing so their sinuosity of movement. It decreased the precision of their reaction, their 'audacity', their research activity for food, their cognitive ability in navigating through chicanes, and slightly reduced their olfactory perception. It did not impact their response to pheromones, their brood caring behavior, and their visual perception. It somewhat reduced their tactile perception, induced aggressiveness between congeners while slightly reducing that towards aliens. Carbamazepine largely increased the ants' ability in acquiring visual and olfactory conditioning, as well as their visual and olfactory memory. Ants never developed dependence on, or habituation to, that drug consumption. After its consumption ended, the effects of carbamazepine vanished in 20 hrs (for the linear speed), 26 hrs (for the sinuosity), and 32 hrs (for the orientation towards an alarm signal). These different physiological and ethological effects, revealed on ants, may occur for persons consuming that drug, and for living organisms depending on natural water contaminated by that drug. Attention should so be paid, as for these effects, to persons cared of with carbamazepine, and improved systems of depuration should be set up for eliminating that drug (as well as several other pharmaceutical pollutant substances) from the (yet not sufficiently) treated waste waters.

Physiological Impact of Statins Experimentally Revealed on Ants

“…Most biological processes are similar for all animals, including humans 4,5 . Consequently, many animals are used for exploring physiology and ethology 6 .…”

“…They are highly evolved eu-social insects as for their mouth parts 9 , and possess numerous glands producing pheromones 10 . Their colonies present a complex labor division, age-based polyethism and social regulation 5,11 . They take care of their brood, construct complex nests, mark their habitat and their environment with different pheromones 5,11 .…”

“…Their colonies present a complex labor division, age-based polyethism and social regulation 5,11 . They take care of their brood, construct complex nests, mark their habitat and their environment with different pheromones 5,11 . They communicate thanks to informative chemical signals 5,12 .…”

“…A few species are commonly used: Dendrocelium lacteum, Caenorhabditis elegans, Aplysia californica, Tribolium castaneum, Drosophila melanogaster, Apis mellifera 5 . The insects, above all the hymenoptera such as bees, are often employed 8 .…”

“…They take care of their brood, construct complex nests, mark their habitat and their environment with different pheromones 5,11 . They communicate thanks to informative chemical signals 5,12 . They navigate thanks to memorized elements 5,12 ; they recruit nestmates 5,11,12 ; they clean their nest and even managing cemeteries 11,12 .…”