Potential Hotspots of Hamadryas Baboon–Human Conflict in Al-Baha Region, Saudi Arabia

Abstract

In recent decades, conflicts between hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) and the rapidly growing human population in the mountainous areas of Western, Southwestern, and Southern Saudi Arabia have accelerated. This conflict, historically occurring mainly between farmers and baboons, has now moved to the urbanized areas in the baboon range and is mainly caused by the common use of spatial and other resources by baboons and humans. The goal of this study was to describe the spatial distribution of baboon groups and to estimate the population size of baboons in the Al-Baha region. The results indicate that baboons are present in all administrative areas of the Al-Baha region with a concentration along the mountain chain running from northwest to southeast and the western part of the region. As expected, rubbish dumps constitute baboon hotspots due to the large amounts of human-derived food. However, the baboons also travel into towns for foraging. The prevention of baboon accessibility to human-derived food would be an important step to reduce causes of conflicts between humans and baboons.

The Reality Of Emotional Balance Among Gifted Students In The Middle Schools In Haifa District

“…• The second dimension: is self-control and includes ( 9) paragraphs (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16) • The third dimension: is the social situation and includes ( 7) paragraphs (17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23) • The fourth dimension: reconciliation with oneself and includes (6) paragraphs from (24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29) • The fifth dimension: is autonomy and includes (6) paragraphs from (30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35) The five-point Likert scale (always applies, often applies, sometimes applies, rarely applies, never applies) has been used for the questionnaire items so that the scores represent (5, 4, 3, 2, and 1) in the same order.…”

Psychosocial Development in Saudi Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Descriptive Comparative Study

“…The instrument used in this study was the PIES, a 32-item questionnaire based on Erikson's psychosocial development theory. It consists of eight subscales that correspond to the stages described by Erikson (Figure 1) [4,6,7]. We utilized the validated Arabic-translated version by Alghamdi HA in Saudi Arabia [7].…”

“…It consists of eight subscales that correspond to the stages described by Erikson (Figure 1) [4,6,7]. We utilized the validated Arabic-translated version by Alghamdi HA in Saudi Arabia [7]. Participants were given the choice to complete the survey in either English or Arabic.…”

“…Additionally, the study aims to determine whether there is a correlation between HbA1c levels, an indicator of the level of diabetes control, and scores of certain psychosocial development variables. Our study assesses psychosocial development factors in T1DM adolescents in Saudi Arabia using a validated and Arabic-translated questionnaire that assesses psychosocial development based on Erikson's theory [6,7].…”