Potential Immune Modularly Role of Glycine in Oral Gingival Inflammation

Abstract

Gingival epithelial cells (GECs) represent a physical barrier against bacteria and are involved in the processes of innate immunity. Recently, an anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory effect of the amino acid glycine has been demonstrated. However, there is only little information about the immune-modulatory effects of glycine in oral tissues. This study aimed to investigate the existence and role of the glycine receptor in gingival tissue analyzing tissues/cells from extracted human molars via immunohistochemical analysis. In vitro, GECs were challenged by inflammatory conditions with IL-1β alone or in combination with glycine and analyzed for cytokine expression of IL6/IL8 via real-time PCR. On protein level, the effect of nuclear translocalization of NFκB protein p65 was analyzed using immunofluorescence analysis. A distinct proof of the GlyR in oral gingival tissue and keratinocytes could be demonstrated. Isolated challenge of the keratinocytes with IL-1β as well as with glycine resulted in an upregulation of IL6 and IL8 mRNA expression and activation of NFκB pathway. The presence of glycine in combination with the inflammatory stimulus led to a significant decrease in inflammatory parameters. These results indicate a possible anti-inflammatory role of glycine in gingival inflammation and encourage further research on the utility of glycine in the prevention or therapy of inflammatory periodontitis.

Biomimetic Effect of Nano‐Hydroxyapatite in Demineralized Enamel before Orthodontic Bonding of Brackets and Attachments: Visual, Adhesion Strength, and Hardness in In Vitro Tests

“…Generally, to obtain sufficient adhesion, a minimum adhesion strength of 5-10 MPa is needed to sustain the masticatory forces. At the same time, bonding forces should not be too high in order to avoid enamel loss after appliance debonding (40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50) [37,38]. erefore, an ideal orthodontic biomaterial would have shear bond strength values not exceeding nor lowering these limits, with an amount included between 5 and 50 MPa [13].…”

“…erefore, air polishing deplaquing and ozonized water treatment could be considered and matched with biomimetic protocol for a complete prevention reducing both plaque index and bleeding score [43,44].…”

Dietary Clostridium butyricum supplementation modifies significantly the liver transcriptomic profile in weaned piglets

“…The two substrates of this enzyme are l ‐alanine and glyoxylate, while its two products are pyruvate and glycine (Houška et al, ). Glycine has also been suggested to promote innate immune responses (Schaumann et al, ). Glutamate‐ammonia ligase (GLUL), which is also known as glutamine synthetase (GS), is the enzyme that catalyses the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia in an ATP‐dependent reaction (Fan et al, ), and glutamine is important for the immune and gut development of pigs (Ewaschuk, Murdoch, Johnson, Madsen, & Field, ; Johnson, Ball, Baracos, & Field, ).…”

Effects of Glycine in Collagen Expression and Factors Growth, Platelet (PDGF) and Epidermal (EGF) in Oral Mucositis Induced <em>Hamster</em>

“…Glycine supplementation has been shown to have effects on cell signaling and proliferation and its use in mucositis is reinforced by the presence of glycine receptors in gingival tissues and oral keratinocytes [37]. Our intervention was carried out in the experimental framework, a model that is easy to reproduce and reliable [9].…”