Potential impact of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on human and ecosystems

Modified lead dioxide for organic wastewater treatment: Physicochemical properties and electrocatalytic activity

“…The character of the change in the concentration of Fig. 4), the concentration of Clreaches a maximum concentration of 0.19 mM, which is 95 % of the value theoretically calculated from the reaction (2). Thus, by the time of the slower process of the destruction of aliphatic acids to CO 2 and H 2 O, the dechlorination process is already complete.…”

“…Electrochemical conversion methods of 2,4-D are also actively used, such as reducing electrochemical dechlorination and direct electrochemical oxidation. 2 A significant number of publications in the last decade are devoted to secondary oxidation of 2,4-D in the process of electro-and photoelectro-Fenton in H 2 O 2 --Fe 2+ , H 2 O 2 -Fe 2+ -UV systems, which allow the production of OH-radicals in the solution. 3,18−20 The hydroxyl radical is known to be the one of the most effective oxidants for 2,4-D, but in the Fenton process, the oxidation of a pesticide is accompanied by the reaction of formation of complexes of Fe 3+ with products of 2,4-D oxidation (aliphatic acids), which makes it difficult to completely mineralize the pesticide.…”

“…Wastewater treatment is recognized as one of the priorities of modern science, particularly in industry, where chemical methods using reagents are widely applied. 1,2 Alternative to the traditional methods of water purification from toxic aromatics are electrochemical technologies, which should be classified as conditionally non-reagent. The electrochemical destruction of toxic pollutants is achieved both by the direct transfer of the electric charge between organic compounds and electrode, and in secondary chemical reactions, where the oxidant is an oxygen-containing radical, which is formed during the electrolysis from water molecules.…”

Exageneous Intoxications in Alagoas: Pesticides Emphasis

“…The herbicide 2,4D was the pesticide that promoted the greatest number of notifications, in more than 60% of the cases. This is an extremely toxic product whose active ingredient (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) may persist in the environment for more than 2.5 years (Baumgartner et al 2017, Islam et al 2017, contaminating people through the nasal, dermal or oral routes. Depending on the level and intensity of contact with the product, it may cause burning sensation, itching, vomiting, diarrhea, neurological problems, musculoskeletal injury and myotomy, as well as death (Hiran and Kumar 2017).…”

Efficiency of Biodegradable and pH‐Responsive Polysuccinimide Nanoparticles (PSI‐NPs) as Smart Nanodelivery Systems in Grapefruit: In Vitro Cellular Investigation

“…The use of pesticides by conventional methods is ineffective to cure these destructive, fast‐spreading diseases. Moreover, indiscriminate, excessive, and continuous use of pesticides has resulted in the development of resistance in many targeted pests, increased production costs for growers and residues in food, and accelerated environmental hazards . A major obstacle is the inability of effective components to reach the targeted sites by traditional application methods .…”