Potential interventions for preventing pneumonia among young children in developing countries: promoting maternal education

Ginneken, Jeroen K. Van; Lob-Levyt, Julian; Gove, Sandy

doi:10.1046/j.1365-3156.1996.d01-56.x

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 16 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The range of reductions was larger for those older than 5 years and highly depended on the time-activity budgets of individuals. These reductions in infant and child ALRI, due to environmental management, are similar in magnitude to those achieved by more costly medical interventions (103)(104)(105)(106)(107)(108).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 57%

The health impacts of exposure to indoor air pollution from solid fuels in developing countries: knowledge, gaps, and data needs.

Ezzati

Kammen

2002

Environ Health Perspect

392

268

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Globally, almost 3 billion people rely on biomass (wood, charcoal, crop residues, and dung) and coal as their primary source of domestic energy. Exposure to indoor air pollution (IAP) from the combustion of solid fuels is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. In this paper, we review the current knowledge on the relationship between IAP exposure and disease and on interventions for reducing exposure and disease. We take an environmental health perspective and consider the details of both exposure and health effects that are needed for successful intervention strategies. We also identify knowledge gaps and detailed research questions that are essential in successful design and dissemination of preventive measures and policies. In addition to specific research recommendations, we conclude that given the interaction of housing, household energy, and day-to-day household activities in determining exposure to indoor smoke, research and development of effective interventions can benefit tremendously from integration of methods and analysis tools from a range of disciplines in the physical, social, and health sciences.

show abstract

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 57%

The health impacts of exposure to indoor air pollution from solid fuels in developing countries: knowledge, gaps, and data needs.

Ezzati

Kammen

2002

Environ Health Perspect

392

268

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Since then, this association has been borne out through a number of reviews. 40,[48][49][50][51] Victora et al, 39 in a review of causespecific infant mortality rates (IMRs) in Pelotas, Brazil, found a significant inverse relationship between maternal schooling and deaths from perinatal conditions, particularly infectious diseases. The association between increased maternal education and decreased infant mortality, particularly in reducing postneonatal deaths, was further strengthened by a review of 34 cross-sectional World Fertility Surveys between 1974 and 1980, 52 although the association was weakened when the data were corrected for socioeconomic status 53,54 (Table 3).…”

Section: Antenatal Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4,36 However, these elements are relatively resistant to change in the short term. [37][38][39][40][41][42] Moreover, as a consequence of such systematic neglect, a sense of fatalism and inevitability of adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes sets in and further impedes care seeking. 22,43,44 This in itself is a major barrier to improvement in perinatal and neonatal outcomes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community-Based Interventions for Improving Perinatal and Neonatal Health Outcomes in Developing Countries: A Review of the Evidence

et al. 2005

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ABSTRACT. Background. Infant and under-5 childhood mortality rates in developing countries have declined significantly in the past 2 to 3 decades. However, 2 critical indicators, maternal and newborn mortality, have hardly changed. World leaders at the United Nations Millennium Summit in September 2000 agreed on a critical goal to reduce deaths of children <5 years by two thirds, but this may be unattainable without halving newborn deaths, which now comprise 40% of all under-5 deaths. Greater emphasis on wide-scale implementation of proven, cost-effective measures is required to save women's and newborns' lives. Approximately 99% of neonatal deaths take place in developing countries, mostly in homes and communities. A comprehensive review of the evidence base for impact of interventions on neonatal health and survival in developingcountry communities has not been reported.Objective. This review of community-based antenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal intervention trials in developing countries aimed to identify (1) key behaviors and interventions for which the weight of evidence is sufficient to recommend their inclusion in communitybased neonatal care programs and (2) key gaps in knowledge and priority areas for future research and program learning.Methods. Available published and unpublished data on the impact of community-based strategies and interventions on perinatal and neonatal health status outcomes were reviewed. Evidence was summarized systematically and categorized into 4 levels of evidence based on study size, location, design, and reported impact, particularly on perinatal or neonatal mortality. The evidence was placed in the context of biological plausibility of the intervention; evidence from relevant developed-country studies; health care program experience in implementation; and recommendations from the World Health Organization and other leading agencies.Results. A paucity of community-based data was found from developing-country studies on health status impact for many interventions currently being considered for inclusion in neonatal health programs. However, review of the evidence and consideration of the broader context of knowledge, experience, and recommendations regarding these interventions enabled us to categorize them according to the strength of the evidence base and confidence regarding their inclusion now in programs. This article identifies a package of priority interventions to include in programs and formulates research priorities for advancing the state of the art in neonatal health care.Conclusions. This review emphasizes some new findings while recommending an integrated approach to safe motherhood and newborn health. The results of this study provide a foundation for policies and programs related to maternal and newborn health and emphasizes the importance of health systems research and evaluation of interventions. The review offers compelling support for using research to identify the most effective measures to save newborn lives. It also may facilitate dialogue with policy...

show abstract

“…14,15 This association is partly explained by the economic advantages and access to health care afforded by education. Potential links between maternal education and reduced perinatal and neonatal mortality also include appropriate birth spacing and health-seeking behavior, particularly for prenatal care.…”

Section: 4mentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Priorities for the Reduction of Perinatal and Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality in Developing Country Communities

et al. 2002

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Despite global declines in under-five and infant mortality rates in recent decades, neonatal mortality rates have remained relatively unchanged.1 Mortality during the first 28 days of life now accounts for two-thirds of deaths in children less than 1 year of age, and nearly four-tenths of all deaths in children less than 5 years of age.2 -4 A recent analysis found that the loss of healthy life from newborn deaths represented 8.2% and 13.6% of the burden of disease in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, respectively, or 27 and 53 million years of life lost in those two respective regions alone. 5 The analysis, however, highlighted the dearth of information available on neonatal outcomes in developing countries, particularly at the community level, and the potential for currently available figures to underestimate the magnitude of the problem. Thus, epidemiological research is needed to make available more accurate data on risk factors and causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality, and improved and validated neonatal verbal autopsy instruments are needed in order to collect accurate data.For every death during the neonatal period, it is estimated that another stillbirth has occurred; when combined with the two-thirds of neonatal deaths that occur during the first week of life, perinatal deaths nearly equal the number of deaths during the entire first year of life. 6,7 Estimates from the World Bank suggest that perinatal deaths account for approximately 7% of the global burden of disease, exceeding that due to malaria and vaccine-preventable infections combined. 8 Worldwide, 98% of all neonatal deaths occur in developing countries, most often at home, outside the formal health care system, and largely due to infections (32%), birth asphyxia and injuries (29%), and consequences of prematurity and congenital anomalies (34%).9 Infections may account for approximately half of newborn deaths at the community level.10 Low birth weight (LBW) is an overriding factor in the majority of the deaths. 1Conditions that affect the neonate, including LBW, impact not only neonatal mortality but also long-term morbidity through effects on neurological and cognitive development and associations with chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and chronic lung disease.11 Thus, interventions that prevent morbidity during the neonatal period have the potential to be highly cost-effective and impact health far beyond the neonatal period.In this review, we present a conceptual framework for maternal and neonatal health care, and in this context, propose priority research activities to improve perinatal and neonatal health and survival in developing country communities. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND CONTEXT OF NEONATAL HEALTH CARE AND RESEARCHImproving newborn health and survival depends in large measure on more effectively implementing what we already know works.Although post -neonatal and child mortality rates have declined dramatically in many developing countries in recent decades, neonatal mortality rates have remained relati...

show abstract

Potential interventions for preventing pneumonia among young children in developing countries: promoting maternal education

Cited by 22 publications

References 16 publications

The health impacts of exposure to indoor air pollution from solid fuels in developing countries: knowledge, gaps, and data needs.

The health impacts of exposure to indoor air pollution from solid fuels in developing countries: knowledge, gaps, and data needs.

Community-Based Interventions for Improving Perinatal and Neonatal Health Outcomes in Developing Countries: A Review of the Evidence

Research Priorities for the Reduction of Perinatal and Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality in Developing Country Communities

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About