Potential microbial hazards from graywater reuse and associated matrices: A review

Benami, Maya; Gillor, Osnat; Gross, Amit

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.058

Cited by 47 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 117 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…GW may contain a variety of microbial pathogens that can cause diseases, thus posing a risk to public health [38]. The risks are associated with accidental ingestion, inhalation, and contact with greywater [39]. The types and number pathogens vary with the source, storage time, and background levels in the community source [39].…”

Section: Formulation and Integrated Financial Assessment Of Alternatimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The risks are associated with accidental ingestion, inhalation, and contact with greywater [39]. The types and number pathogens vary with the source, storage time, and background levels in the community source [39]. However, a review on the safe on-site use of greywater suggested that reusing greywater from a single house system is much safer than reusing greywater from a neighbourhood-scale system [38].…”

Section: Formulation and Integrated Financial Assessment Of Alternatimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since waste from toilets and water from kitchens were not included in this study as GW, it is expected that faecal contamination should be minimal, possibly from activities such as washing faecally contaminated laundry, childcare, and showering. Several studies have shown that the quality of raw GW deteriorates after 24 to 48 h of storage for parameters such as dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrogen, and suspended solids, in addition to the proliferation of indicators such as E. coli and Enterocci and pathogens such as Salmonella [39]. Thus, recommendations for handling untreated GW include excluding kitchen effluents as they may introduce third party pathogens, washing hands after use, avoid using it when household occupants are sick, and limiting storage for a period from 24 to 48 h [38].…”

Section: Formulation and Integrated Financial Assessment Of Alternatimentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

End-User Cost-Benefit Prioritization for Selecting Rainwater Harvesting and Greywater Reuse in Social Housing

Domínguez

Ward

Mendoza

et al. 2017

Water

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) and greywater reuse (GWR) are increasingly being considered at the building-level to achieve multiple goals. Cost-benefit assessments facilitate decision-making; however, most are focused on large-scale systems with limited information available for households from developing countries. To better understand the prioritization of costs and benefits by potential end-users in this context, this paper presents an assessment of an RWH/GWR system in low income, low consumption households in a social housing development in Colombia. From an initial household consultation, preferences related to the use of RWH/GWR were identified and three alternatives were proposed and designed. In a follow-up consultation, potential end-users were engaged with the cost-benefit of the proposed alternatives. Potential end-users prioritized the selection of the system with potable water savings of 25%, a payback period of 30 years, an internal return rate of 4.7%, and a Benefit/Cost ratio of 1.3. Of the three alternatives, this system had the median payback period, highest investment, and highest maintenance cost, but also the highest volumetric water saving and highest water and sewerage bill savings. In contrast to findings from developed countries, this indicates that minimising the cost may not be the primary decision making criteria in some developing country contexts, where perhaps a greater value is placed on conserving water resources.

show abstract

Section: Formulation and Integrated Financial Assessment Of Alternatimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Formulation and Integrated Financial Assessment Of Alternatimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Formulation and Integrated Financial Assessment Of Alternatimentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

End-User Cost-Benefit Prioritization for Selecting Rainwater Harvesting and Greywater Reuse in Social Housing

Domínguez

Ward

Mendoza

et al. 2017

Water

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Chlorine tablets and low-pressure UV irradiation have been shown to be good disinfectants against all of the examined pathogens, with up to 8 log reductions recorded [16,[52][53][54]. Given that Salmonella enterica and Shigella spp.…”

Section: Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other bacteria known to cause gastrointestinal diseases, such as Salmonella enterica, Shigella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus (the latter might also causes dermal infection), have also been found in greywater [5,6,10,15]. However, there are only a few limited quantitative studies in the literature on the risk of exposure to these pathogens in greywater [16][17][18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Microbial Risk Analysis for Various Bacterial Exposure Scenarios Involving Greywater Reuse for Irrigation

Busgang

Friedler

Gilboa

et al. 2018

Water

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Greywater reuse can significantly reduce domestic water consumption. While the benefits are promising, risks are still under debate. Using a quantitative microbial risk-assessment model, we assessed the health risks associated with greywater reuse. The pathogens Salmonella enterica, Shigella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated due to their possible prevalence in greywater and limited information regarding their potential risk with relation to greywater reuse for irrigation. Various exposure scenarios were investigated. Monte Carlo simulation was used and results were compared to the maximum "acceptable" limit of 10 −6 disability-adjusted life years (DALY) set by the World Health Organization. Safe reuse was met for all worst-case exposure scenarios for Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica and Shigella spp. If their concentrations were kept below 10,000, 50 and 5 cfu/100 mL, respectively. For the best-practice (more realistic) scenarios, safe reuse was met for Staphylococcus aureus if its concentration was kept below 10 6 cfu/100 mL. Salmonella enterica met the safe reuse requirements if a maximum concentration of 500 cfu/100 mL was maintained and Shigella spp. if a maximum concentration was lower than 5 cfu/100 mL. Based on reported concentrations of these bacteria in greywater, proper treatment and disinfection are recommended.

show abstract

Rapid treatment of greywater (household sewage) by terrestrial weed Achyranthes aspera in SHEFROL® reactors

Abbasi

Tauseef

2018

Env Prog and Sustain Energy

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In arguably the first‐ever study of its kind, a common terrestrial weed, Achyranthes aspera, has been used to treat greywater (domestic sewage) of wide‐ranging strength. The weed was used in the novel SHEFROL® (SHEet Flow ROot Level) bioreactor earlier developed by the authors, of which a patent claim has been registered. Without the use of soil or any other anchor, and at very brisk rate reflected in low hydraulic retention times of just 4–6 h, A. aspera was able to achieve substantial secondary treatment and significant primary and tertiary treatments of the greywater in a clean and inexpensive fashion. Biological and chemical oxygen demands were removed to the extents of about 81 and 84%, respectively, suspended solids to the extent of 96%, and nitrogen, phosphorous, and heavy metals, to the extent of 28–41%. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38: 467–476, 2019

show abstract

Potential microbial hazards from graywater reuse and associated matrices: A review

Cited by 47 publications

References 117 publications

End-User Cost-Benefit Prioritization for Selecting Rainwater Harvesting and Greywater Reuse in Social Housing

End-User Cost-Benefit Prioritization for Selecting Rainwater Harvesting and Greywater Reuse in Social Housing

Quantitative Microbial Risk Analysis for Various Bacterial Exposure Scenarios Involving Greywater Reuse for Irrigation

Rapid treatment of greywater (household sewage) by terrestrial weed Achyranthes aspera in SHEFROL® reactors

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About