Potential Ocular Biomarkers for Early Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease and Their Roles in Artificial Intelligence Studies

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide. Early detection is believed to be essential to disease management because it enables physicians to initiate treatment in patients with early-stage AD (early AD), with the possibility of stopping the disease or slowing disease progression, preserving function and ultimately reducing disease burden. The purpose of this study was to review prior research on the use of eye biomarkers and artificial intelligence (AI) for detecting AD and early AD. The PubMed database was searched to identify studies for review. Ocular biomarkers in AD research and AI research on AD were reviewed and summarized. According to numerous studies, there is a high likelihood that ocular biomarkers can be used to detect early AD: tears, corneal nerves, retina, visual function and, in particular, eye movement tracking have been identified as ocular biomarkers with the potential to detect early AD. However, there is currently no ocular biomarker that can be used to definitely detect early AD. A few studies that used AI with ocular biomarkers to detect AD reported promising results, demonstrating that using AI with ocular biomarkers through multimodal imaging could improve the accuracy of identifying AD patients. This strategy may become a screening tool for detecting early AD in older patients prior to the onset of AD symptoms.

Tear Biomarkers and Alzheimer’s Disease

“…The NIA-AA criteria have become increasingly used in research studies and clinical trials owing their ability to encompass the different stages of AD pathology and their emphasis on early diagnosis through biomarkers. It is important to note that the criteria for AD diagnosis and staging undergo changes as research progresses and our understanding of the disease grows [104,105]. In this regard, biomarkers in tears are becoming promising for improving the accuracy of diagnosis, monitoring disease progression and determining the success of treatment.…”