Potential of Trichoderma harzianum and T. atroviride to Control Botryosphaeria berengeriana f. sp. piricola, the Cause of Apple Ring Rot

Abstract

Trichoderma harzianum T88 and T. atroviride T95 were tested for their efficacy in controlling apple ring rot (caused by Botryosphaeria berengeriana f. sp. piricola) in vitro and in the field. Isolates of T88 and T95 produced both volatile and non‐volatile antibiotics that suppressed mycelial growth of the pathogen. Light and scanning electron microscopy showed that mycoparasitism by Trichoderma spp. of B. berengeriana f. sp. piricola resulted in penetration and disruption of hyphal cells, and thinning of cytoplasm of the pathogen. The culture filtrates of T88 and T95 in Czapek's liquid medium suppressed conidial germination of the pathogen, and the germination level was negatively correlated with the duration of culture of Trichoderma. In inoculation tests, 32 days after simultaneous inoculation or preinoculation with B. berengeriana f. sp. piricola and Trichoderma spp., the incidence of infected apple shoots was reduced, respectively, by 65.3–76.4% and 62.5–76.4%, and the index of infection reduced by 36.9–38.9 and 40.7–44.4, The effect of inoculating B. berengeriana f. sp. piricola 3 days after the antagonists were inoculated was greater (81.4–88.8%) than simultaneous inoculation (72.2–77.8%). Re‐isolation from inoculated apple shoots demonstrated that the pathogen had been suppressed by Trichoderma. The ability to re‐isolate the pathogen from apple after co‐inoculation and pre‐inoculation with Trichoderma spp. was reduced by 27.0–42.3% and 22.2–47.1%, respectively. The biocontrol field trial suggested that the B. berengeriana f. sp. piricola canker on apple shoots and stems and rotting fruit had been efficiently controlled by the application of spore suspensions of T. harzianum T88 and T. atroviride T95. The efficacy of control by Trichoderma is thus similar to that of routine chemical control.

Antagonistic potential of rhizosphere fungi against leaf spot and fruit rot pathogens of brinjal

“…These results are in agreement with the findings of Adriana and Sergio (2001), Krupke et al (2003), Kexiang et al (2002) and Shafiquzzaman et al (2009).…”

“…(62.50%). The inhibition of the radial growth of the test fungi due to non-volatile metabolites, may be attributed to the production of antibiotic substances in the culture filtrates and impoverishment of nutrient (Kexiang et al 2002, Howell 2003, Wool and Larito 2007. It has also been reported that the antibiotic production varies depending on the comparing organisms.…”

Antagonistic interaction between Trichoderma asperellum and Phytophthora capsici in vitro

“…In addition, ultrastructural studies have been widely used to observe the mycosparasitism of Trichoderma spp. on coiling and penetration of hyphae in plant pathogens in the Ascomycete and Basidiomycete, but few studies have investigated this approach for Oomycetes (Elad, 1988;Benhamou and Chet, 1996;Gupta et al, 1999;Kexiang et al, 2002).…”

Control of Postharvest Rots of Banana Fruits by Conidia and Culture Filtrates of Trichoderma Asperellum

“…Tronsmo and Dennis (1977) were able to protect strawberry fruits against storage rot caused by Botrytis cinerea and Mucor mucedo by spraying strawberry plants in the field during early flowering, with aqueous suspensions of conidia of T. viride and T. polysporum. Kesiang et al (2002) found the efficacy of the control of apple ring rot caused by Botryosphaeria beregeriana f. sp. pericola with Trichoderma to be similar to that of a chemical control.…”