“…Chemical extraction of REEs from RM has been performed using H 2 SO 4 , HCl, HNO 3 , and SO 2 gas (Abhilash and Meshram, 2019 ), and attempts have also been made to selectively extract metals such as Ti (Deng et al, 2017 ). The reported methods for metal extraction from RM include the following: acid leaching (Agatzini-Leonardou et al, 2008 ; Pepper et al, 2016 ; Kong et al, 2017 ; Li et al, 2021 ; Lallemand et al, 2022 ), roasting combined with water leaching (Zhu et al, 2015 ; Borra et al, 2016 ), bioleaching using fungi (Qu and Lian, 2013 ; Vakilchap et al, 2016 ; Pedram et al, 2020 ; Ilyas et al, 2021 ), chemoorganotrophic bacteria (Abhilash et al, 2021 ; Kiskira et al, 2021 ), and microalgae (CíŽková et al, 2019 ). Also, a combination of washing and electrodialysis has been used to treat RM and extract metals, respectively (Zhang et al, 2019 ).…”