Potential of microalgae as a sustainable feed ingredient for aquaculture

Nagappan, Senthil; Das, Probir; AbdulQuadir, Mohammad; Thaher, Mahmoud; Khan, Shoyeb; Mahata, Chandan; Jabri, Hareb Al; Vatland, Ann Kristin; Kumar, Gopalakrishnan

doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.09.003

Cited by 218 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 175 publications

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“…Typically, microalgae biomass has more starch compared to other plant-based ingredients [98]. The starch content of microalgal species varies between 7% and 49% [3]. In comparison to other microalgae, Tetraselmis subcordiformis, Chlorella vulgaris, and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have a significant starch concentration in their biomass (30-49%) [3].…”

Section: Carbohydrate Digestibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various studies have reported success in the partial replacement of fishmeal, soybean meal, and the complete replacement of fish oil in the fish diet by microalgal biomass [1,2]. The inclusion of microalgae in feed improves weight gain, increases the protein and lipid content in the fish muscle, improves the disease resistance and stress tolerance in fish, and enhances the texture and taste of fish fillet [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nutrients and Energy Digestibility of Microalgal Biomass for Fish Feed Applications

et al. 2021

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Aquafeed accounts for at least 75–90% of aquaculture’s operating costs. Traditional aquafeed ingredients such as fishmeal, fish oil, and soybean meal are unsustainable; further, their increasing cost necessities developing alternative feed ingredients. Microalgae-based aquafeed is not only environmentally friendly, but it can also be cost-effective with proper optimization. In addition, the nutrition profile of microalgae is similar to that of many fishes. The digestibility of a feed is one of the most important factors to consider in feed formulation. A highly digestible feed can lower production costs, reduce feed waste, and reduce the risk of eutrophication. This review discusses the digestibility of various nutrients such as protein, lipid, carbohydrate, amino acids, and fatty acids (including omega-3 fatty acids), dry matter, and energy of various microalgae in fish. Other commonly used aquafeed ingredients were also compared to microalgae in terms of nutrient and energy digestibility in fish. The intrinsic characteristics of microalgae, biomass pretreatment, and feed preparation methods are all discussed as factors that contribute to the nutrient and energy digestibility of microalgae in fish. Furthermore, methods for increasing the digestibility of microalgal biomass in fish are suggested. Finally, the review concludes with the challenges and prospects of using microalgae as a fish feed in terms of digestibility.

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Section: Carbohydrate Digestibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrients and Energy Digestibility of Microalgal Biomass for Fish Feed Applications

et al. 2021

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“…Microalgae are considered acceptable sources of protein, carbohydrates, fatty acids, carotenoids, antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals for herbivorous zooplankton such as Daphnia (Rasdi et al, 2020), rotifer (Kandathil Radhakrishnan et al, 2020; Koiso et al, 2009), Artemia (Dhaneesh & Kumar, 2017; Ma & Qin, 2014), and copepods (Rasdi et al, 2021) as well as for feeding finfish and shellfish larvae (Chen et al, 2021; Dineshbabu et al, 2019; Nagappan et al, 2021). The chemical composition of microalgae depends on a wide range of species and culture conditions and is not an inherently fixed factor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By changing environmental factors such as temperature, brightness, pH, CO 2 supply, salt and nutrients, the desired products can be largely accumulated in microalgae. Also, they have properties such as high surface to volume ratio and a high affinity for metal‐binding groups (Nagappan et al, 2021). They can adsorb soluble materials such as minerals from the culture medium (fast process) or, in a slow process, concentrate soluble ions from the water in organic forms in specific organs (Yang et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long‐term incorporation of Selenium and Zinc in microalgae Isochrysis galbana and Nannochloropsis oculata and its effects on rotifer

Ahmadifard

Ghaderpour

Agh

et al. 2022

Aquaculture Research

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Rotifers are widely used in hatcheries to feed small-sized aquatic larvae although one of their disadvantages is the lack of zinc and selenium 5-and 30-fold lower than in copepods, respectively. To improve the rotifers quality, different concentrations of zinc and selenium (2, 4, 5 and 10 mg L −1 of each mineral) were added to the medium of the microalgae Isochrysis aff. galbana and Nannochloropsis oculata for 4 days, and then the microalgae were harvested and concentrated to feed the rotifers. N. oculata accumulated a greater amount of Zn and Se into cells than I. galbana. The cell size of algae given 0, 2, and 4 mg L −1 of minerals did not change in both microalgae, but enrichment of the microalgae with the 5 and 10 mg L −1 decreased the sizes and paled the colour of cells and increased cell division. The 2 mg L −1 was the best group for rotifers in terms of growth (population density, number of eggs, egg ratio, Specific growth rate, the maximum number and doubling time), and contained the second-highest level of Zn (69.26 ± 0.60) and Se (103.5 ± 5.0) content within a safe limit. Thus, rotifers enriched with Se and Zn can be used as a mineral delivery method to cover the nutritional requirements of marine larvae.

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“…Microalgae, which grow faster and show higher carbon fixation rates than higher plants, are excellent candidates for carbon neutral producer. Some species of microalgae have been used as live feed for fish larvae and are expected as alternative feedstocks for livestock [1] and aquaculture [2] because of their high nutritional quality. Other species of microalgae were reported as superior producers of bioactive chemicals [3], biofuels [4,5], and biohydrogen [6], which would potentially revolutionize the production of cosmetics, health foods, and fossil-based energy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A parametric logistic equation with light flux and medium concentration for cultivation planning of microalgae

Kambe

Hirokawa²,

Koshi

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Microalgae are considered to be promising producers of bioactive chemicals, feeds, and fuels from carbon dioxide by photosynthesis. Thus, the prediction of microalgal growth profiles is important for the planning of cost-effective and sustainable cultivation-harvest cycles. This paper proposes a mathematical model capable of predicting the effect of light flux into culture and media concentration on the growth profiles of microalgae by incorporating these growth-limiting factors into the logistic equation. The specific form of the equation is derived based on the experimentally measured growth profiles of Monoraphidium sp., a microalgal strain isolated by the authors. Using a cross-validation method, it is shown that the proposed model has the ability to predict necessary incident light flux into culture and initial media concentration for harvesting target biomass at target time. Finally, the model-guided cultivation planning is performed and is evaluated by comparing the result with the experimental data.

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Potential of microalgae as a sustainable feed ingredient for aquaculture

Cited by 218 publications

References 175 publications

Nutrients and Energy Digestibility of Microalgal Biomass for Fish Feed Applications

Nutrients and Energy Digestibility of Microalgal Biomass for Fish Feed Applications

Long‐term incorporation of Selenium and Zinc in microalgae Isochrysis galbana and Nannochloropsis oculata and its effects on rotifer

A parametric logistic equation with light flux and medium concentration for cultivation planning of microalgae

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