“…In particular, these kind of bio-fertilizers enhance soil fertility, improving aggregation, hydraulic conductivity, total porosity, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) (Singh et al, 2022), supplying a wide range of nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, etc.) (Cacace et al, 2022;Walia and Kaur, 2024). Moreover, previous studies (Budroni et al, 2020;Bianco et al, 2022Bianco et al, , 2024 have highlighted that processed BSG (i.e., compost and vermicompost) are rich in microbial consortia including lactic acid bacteria (Weissella, Pediococcus), plant growth-promoting bacteria (Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Pseudoxhantomonas), biostimulant yeasts (Pichia fermentans), and fungi (Trichoderma reesei, Beauveria bassiana), which can improve soil fertility, enhance resistance to abiotic and biotic stressors, and act against fungi and insect pests.…”