Potential of Satellite Sign for Prediction of Hematoma Expansion in Small Spontaneous Hematoma within 7 Days' Follow-Up

Abstract

Background Hematoma expansion (HE) is the most important modifiable predictor that can change the clinical outcome of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) patients. The study aimed to investigate the potential of satellite sign for prediction of HE in spontaneous ICH patients who had follow-up non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) within 7 days after the initial CT scan. Methods We retrospectively reviewed data and NCCT from 142 ICH patients who were treated at our hospital at Bangkok, Thailand. All included patients were treated conservatively, had baseline NCCT within 12 hours after symptom onset, and had follow-up NCCT within 168 hours after baseline NCCT. HE was initially estimated by two radiologists, and then by image analysis software. Association between satellite sign and HE was evaluated. Results HE occurred in 45 patients (31.7%). Patients with HE had significantly higher activated partial thromboplastin time (p = 0.001) and baseline hematoma volume (p = 0.001). The prevalence of satellite sign was 43.7%, and it was significantly independently associated with HE (p = 0.021). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of satellite sign for predicting HE was 57.8, 62.9, and 61.3%, respectively. From image analysis software, the cutoff of greater than 9% relative growth in hematoma volume on follow-up NCCT had the highest association with satellite sign (p = 0.024), with a sensitivity of 55%, specificity of 64.6%, and accuracy of 60.5%. Conclusion Satellite sign, a new NCCT predictor, was found to be significantly associated with HE in Thai population. With different context of Thai population, HE was found in smaller baseline hematoma volume. Satellite sign was found more common in lobar hematoma. Further studies to validate satellite sign for predicting HE and to identify an optimal cutoff in Thai population that is correlated with clinical outcomes are warranted.

Research advances in predicting the expansion of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage based on CT images: an overview

“…The satellite sign is defined as a small hemorrhagic focus that surrounds the main hematoma ( Fig. 7 ), no more than 1 cm in maximum diameter, 1 to 2 cm from the main hematoma, and not within the ventricles and subarachnoid space ( Lv et al, 2021 ; Songsaeng et al, 2023 ). In a meta-analysis, the satellite sign has been shown to predict HE with a sensitivity of 50% and a specificity of 71% ( Yang et al, 2020 ), which was an effective marker for predicting HE.…”