Potential of Sentinel-2 MSI data in targeting rare earth element (Nd3+) bearing minerals in Esfordi phosphate deposit, Iran

Karimzadeh, Sogand; Tangestani, Majid H.

doi:10.1016/j.ejrs.2022.04.001

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…It is a reddish-brown phosphate mineral that contains rare earth elements, primarily neodymium (Nd) [52]. Neodymium expresses spectral diagnostic absorption features around 0.53 µm, 0.74 µm, 0.80 µm, and 0.87 µm [51]. As such, any spectral absorption features around these frequencies are related to rare earth elements' occurrences.…”

Section: Geological and Tectonic Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We compared the monazite HS255.3B spectrum (Figure 3a) exhibiting a neodymium absorption feature at 0.74 µm wavelength with various rare earth-bearing minerals, including fluorapatite WS416, goethite WS222, and hematite GDS27 [54]. Following Karimzadeh and Tangestani [51], we compared the USGS spectrum of Monazite HS55.3B [54] resampled to Sentinel-2 MSI bandpasses (Figure 3b) with the Sentinel-2 MSI image spectrum at an open pit with ENVI 5.3 coordinates (X:5455 Y:4081). The retained absorption feature of neodymium at 0.74 µm in Band 6 of Sentinel-2 MSI from the image (Figure 3d) provided a high level of certainty that indeed the mines in the study area are for rare earth elements.…”

Section: Geological and Tectonic Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Detailed geological and mineralogical survey data are not freely available in China and Myanmar; therefore, it is necessary to verify the type of mining activity in the study area to confirm that the mining is indeed for rare earth elements. We utilized satellite remote sensing and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Spectroscopy Laboratory Library for the hyperspectral signature of rare earth elements and host minerals of monazite to verify the presence of rare earth elements in these mines as described by Karimzadeh and Tangestani [51]. Monazite (Nd, Ce, La, Y, Th) PO 4 is a phosphate of the group of rare earth metals usually found as a comparatively rare accessory mineral in granitic rocks and pegmatites.…”

Section: Geological and Tectonic Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unexpected Expansion of Rare-Earth Element Mining Activities in the Myanmar–China Border Region

Chinkaka,

Klinger,

Davis

et al. 2023

Remote Sensing

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Mining for rare earth elements is rapidly increasing, driven by current and projected demands for information and energy technologies. Following China’s Central Government’s 2012 strategy to shift away from mining in favor of value-added processing, primary extraction has increased outside of China. Accordingly, changes in mineral exploitation in China and Myanmar have garnered considerable attention in the past decade. The prevailing assumption is that mining in China has decreased while mining in Myanmar has increased, but the dynamic in border regions is more complex. Our empirical study used Google Earth Engine (GEE) to characterize changes in mining surface footprints between 2005 and 2020 in two rare earth mines located on either side of the Myanmar–China border, within Kachin State in northern Myanmar and Nujiang Prefecture in Yunnan Province in China. Our results show that the extent of the mining activities increased by 130% on China’s side and 327% on Myanmar’s side during the study period. We extracted surface reflectance images from 2005 and 2010 from Landsat 5 TM and 2015 and 2020 images from Landsat 8 OLI. The Normalized Vegetation Index (NDVI) was applied to dense time-series imagery to enhance landcover categories. Random Forest was used to categorize landcover into mine and non-mine classes with an overall accuracy of 98% and a Kappa Coefficient of 0.98, revealing an increase in mining extent of 2.56 km2, covering the spatial mining footprint from 1.22 km2 to 3.78 km2 in 2005 and 2020, respectively, within the study area. We found a continuous decrease in non-mine cover, including vegetation. Both mines are located in areas important to ethnic minority groups, agrarian livelihoods, biodiversity conservation, and regional watersheds. The finding that mining surface areas increased on both sides of the border is significant because it shows that national-level generalizations do not align with local realities, particularly in socially and environmentally sensitive border regions. The quantification of such changes over time can help researchers and policymakers to better understand the shifting geographies and geopolitics of rare earth mining, the environmental dynamics in mining areas, and the particularities of mineral extraction in border regions.

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Section: Geological and Tectonic Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Geological and Tectonic Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Geological and Tectonic Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unexpected Expansion of Rare-Earth Element Mining Activities in the Myanmar–China Border Region

Chinkaka,

Klinger,

Davis

et al. 2023

Remote Sensing

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“…Rare-earth elements are the group of metals with similar properties, including scandium 21 Sc, yttrium 39 Y and fifteen lanthanides [13]. They are conventionally divided into light (from La to Sm) and heavy ones (from Eu to Lu and Y) [14]. Due to their important use in many industries, the need for these elements increases by almost 8 % per year [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are conventionally divided into light (from La to Sm) and heavy ones (from Eu to Lu and Y) [14]. Due to their important use in many industries, the need for these elements increases by almost 8 % per year [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Технологія Одержання Концентрату Рідкісноземельних Елементів Із Фосфогіпсу Та Її Математичний Опис

Іванченко¹,

Назаренко²,

Трикіло³

et al. 2023

J. of Chem. and Tech.

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Мета роботи. Створення математичної моделі процесу одержання концентрату рідкісноземельних елементів із фосфогіпсу з використанням нітратної кислоти. Методи. Вилучення концентрату рідкісноземельних елементів проводилось з використанням методу кислотного вилуговування. Для виявлення взаємозв’язку параметрів досліджуваного процесу вилучення концентрату рідкісноземельних елементів виконано кореляційний аналіз, а саме: розрахунок лінійного коефіцієнта кореляції Пірсона, довірчих інтервалів та перевірено гіпотезу про значущість парних коефіцієнтів кореляції. Результати. На основі експериментальних досліджень та опису математичної моделі одержаних даних встановлено оптимальні технологічні параметри, а саме: концентрацію нітратної кислоти в межах 24–26 % та температуру обробки 68–70 °C. Висновки. На основі експериментальних досліджень одержано рівняння регресії, які дозволяють визначити вплив температури та концентрації кислоти на вилучення концентрату рідкісноземельних елементів із фосфогіпсу. Запропоновано технологічну схему переробки фосфогіпсу з виділенням концентрату рідкісноземельних елементів і одночасним одержанням напівгідрату кальцій сульфату.

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Rare Earth Element Deposits: Sources, and Exploration Strategies

Balaram

2022

Journal of the Geological Society of India

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Rare earth elements (REE) include the lanthanide series (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) plus Sc and Y. All these metals occur together in different types of REE deposits such as carbonatites, alkali syenites and monazite-rich placers, and are found in more than 250 minerals in the Earth’s crust. The future of the world’s green technologies depends upon their availability and supply. At present, China is responsible for 80% of global REE production. However, countries such as USA, Australia, India, and Kazakhstan also extract and refine significant quantities of REE. These metals occur in primary deposits associated with igneous and hydrothermal processes, and secondary deposits concentrated by sedimentary processes and weathering. However, other types of resources such as ocean bottom sediments, waste rocks in closed mines, river sediments, industrial wastes like red mud, coal, and fly ash have proved to be containing significant amounts of these elements. Besides the beach sand deposits, the Amba Dongar carbonatite complex, and carbonatite plugs hosting REE deposits at Kamthai have been recognized as a potential REE resource in India. Significant concentrations of REE were identified in the deep-sea sediments of Afanasy Niktin Seamount in the Indian Ocean. Integrated exploration methods are playing a key role in the search for new REE mineral deposits. During geochemical exploration studies, portable analytical instruments such as pXRF, pLIBS, portable Raman spectrometer, and a couple of nuclear techniques have enabled successful results in recent times both on and off the land at lower costs, and allowing rapid decision-making on exploration strategies directly in the field.

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Potential of Sentinel-2 MSI data in targeting rare earth element (Nd3+) bearing minerals in Esfordi phosphate deposit, Iran

Cited by 7 publications

References 40 publications

Unexpected Expansion of Rare-Earth Element Mining Activities in the Myanmar–China Border Region

Unexpected Expansion of Rare-Earth Element Mining Activities in the Myanmar–China Border Region

Технологія Одержання Концентрату Рідкісноземельних Елементів Із Фосфогіпсу Та Її Математичний Опис

Rare Earth Element Deposits: Sources, and Exploration Strategies

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