Potential of Surface Laser Scanning to Measure Facial Movement

Cacou, Crina; Richards, Robin R.; McGrouther, Duncan Angus

doi:10.1097/00006534-199704000-00008

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…This four-dimensional process can be recorded by modern scanning procedures such as those already employed in cardiology for analyzing the beating heart [22]. A primary drawback of this 4-D procedure is, however, its relatively high imprecision [4,17] and high cost. That is why many authors employ video-based procedures [1,11,19,20,[23][24][25][26] that also represent facial structures twodimensionally.…”

Section: Diskussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dieser vierdimensionale Vorgang kann durch moderne Scanverfahren, wie sie beispielsweise im Bereich der Kardiologie zur Analyse des schlagenden Herzens bereits im Einsatz sind [22], erfasst werden. Ein Hauptnachteil dieser 4-D-Verfahren liegt jedoch in ihrer relativ hohen Ungenauigkeit [4,17] und ihrem hohen Anschaffungspreis. Aus diesen Gründen verwenden viele Autoren videobasierte Verfahren [1,11,19,20,[23][24][25][26], welche die fazialen Strukturen ebenfalls zweidimensional abbilden.…”

Section: Diskussionunclassified

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Inter-individual Variability of the Facial Morphology During Conscious Smiling

Holberg

Maier²,

Steinhäuser³

et al. 2006

J Orofac Orthop

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Section: Diskussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Diskussionunclassified

Inter-individual Variability of the Facial Morphology During Conscious Smiling

Holberg

Maier²,

Steinhäuser³

et al. 2006

J Orofac Orthop

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“…The texture and radiometric value of the CCD images may be added to the 3D data to obtain a realistic surface model of the object. Additional information on the system for medical application can be found in Bush and Antonyshyn (1996), Cacou et al. (1997), Yamada et al.…”

Section: Structured Light: Triangulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the stereo photogrammetry technique, Ferrario et al. (1999) applied 2 mm reflective markers and Cacou et al. (1997) applied 5 mm diameter blue vellum paper spots on the landmarks.…”

Section: Design Of Pre‐signalised Targetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photogrammetry and 3D laser scanning as spatial data capture techniques for a national craniofacial database

Majid¹,

Chong²,

Ahmad³

et al. 2005

The Photogrammetric Record

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Photogrammetry is a non‐contact, high‐accuracy, practical and cost‐effective technique for a large number of medical applications. Lately, three‐dimensional (3D) laser scanning and digital imaging technology have raised the importance of digital photogrammetry technology to a new height in craniofacial mapping. Under the support of the Eighth Malaysian Development Plan, the Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment (MOSTE) Malaysia allocated a grant to establish procedures for the development of a national craniofacial spatial database to assist the medical profession to provide better health services to the public. To populate the database with normal and abnormal (malformation, diseased and trauma and burn victims) craniofacial information, it is necessary to evaluate the technology needed to capture the essential data of craniofacial features. The paper provides a discussion on the basic features of the spatial data and the data capture techniques. Both are needed for the establishment of a national spatial craniofacial database. The discussion includes a brief review of the current status of two selected high‐accuracy craniofacial spatial data capture techniques, namely, digital photogrammetry and 3D laser scanning. The paper highlights a system which has been developed for a Malaysian craniofacial mapping project. Laboratory tests with mannequins showed that the photogrammetric and 3D laser scanning system could achieve an accuracy exceeding the design specification of ±0·7 mm (one standard deviation) for all the measured craniofacial distances. However, tests with two living subjects showed that the accuracy was in the order of ±1·2 mm because of facial movement during data capture.

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“…In children, differences between left and right sides were noted and were particularly evident in the middle and lower parts of the face, 26 but there is no agreement about this observation. 10,11,19 Throughout our study, we found that adults were much more symmetric and repetitive in the direction of their movements than children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Quantification of Facial Movements by Surface Laser Scanning

Verzé¹,

Nasi²,

Quaranta³

et al. 2011

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery

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Quantification of facial mimic ability represents a need for comparative investigation in facial medicine and surgery. The aim of the current study was to develop a simple, noninvasive, repeatable three-dimensional method for measuring facial mobility in clinical and research setup. The faces of 20 healthy adult subjects (10 men and 10 women) and 12 primary school children (6 boys and 6 girls), without craniofacial pathologic injuries or previous treatments, were captured by a Cyberware 3030RGB laser scanner (Cyberware, Inc, Monterey, CA) in rest position and during voluntary movements. Data were processed by Cyberware Echo (Cyberware, Inc) and Inus Rapidform 2004 software (INUS Technologies Inc, Seoul, South Korea). Each movement was assigned a main landmark. The facial movements were described for surface displacement using clearance vector mapping and three-dimensional tracing of the skin landmarks. The mean landmark displacement vector was also calculated for every movement. The study showed that movements were characterized by similar displacement in the same facial areas in all subjects. Minor differences were recorded between adult subjects and children. Descriptive statistics concerning the amount and direction of movements were provided. A case of unilateral postsurgical nerve palsy was prospectively analyzed to test applicability of the method in clinical investigation. A numerical scale based on the mean movements was constructed and used to monitor recovery of function.The method developed seems easy, noncontact, and effective to quantify facial movements in normal and pathologic conditions. It may be usefully applied to the investigation and the clinical monitoring of different medical and surgical pathologic conditions.

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Potential of Surface Laser Scanning to Measure Facial Movement

Cited by 15 publications

References 4 publications

Inter-individual Variability of the Facial Morphology During Conscious Smiling

Inter-individual Variability of the Facial Morphology During Conscious Smiling

Photogrammetry and 3D laser scanning as spatial data capture techniques for a national craniofacial database

Quantification of Facial Movements by Surface Laser Scanning

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