Potential of using Hibiscus Sabdariffa in treating greywater

Greywater means faecal free wastewater from households and buildings. Recycled greywater can be used for daily activities where freshwater is not necessary. Coagulation and flocculation technique in water recycling mostly utilize chemical coagulant alum. However, alum residue in water causes neural diseases and the process produces toxic sludge. Hence, natural coagulant is a safer alternate. Previous studies had proved the efficiency of different types of natural coagulant used individually and as a combination. However, the combination of chitosan and H. Sabdariffa had not been tested. The objective of this research is to investigate the efficiency of chitosan and H. Sabdariffa used alone and combined in greywater treatment. Jar test experiment was conducted using 0.5 L greywater in beakers mixed with the coagulants. The pH and coagulant dosage in each beaker were manipulated to determine the optimum condition. The greywater was then mixed rapidly for 4 minutes at 140 rpm, then slowly for 20 minutes at 30 rpm. Before assessing the final turbidity and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), the beakers were allowed to settle for an hour. At pH 4, 0.8 mg/L of chitosan reduced turbidity by 51 % and COD by 60 %. With a dosage of 200 mg/L, H. Sabdariffa demonstrated its best effectiveness at pH 2, resulting in an 88 % reduction in turbidity and a 53 % reduction in COD. When chitosan and H. Sabdariffa were combined, the optimal composition was determined to be 40% chitosan and 60% H. Sabdariffa by weight at pH 4, resulting in a turbidity reduction of 94% and a COD reduction of 56%. The same experiment was carried out using alum at pH 6 and a coagulant dose of 200 mg/l, turbidity and COD were reduced by 96% and 62% respectively. respectively. As a result, the performance of chitosan and H. Sabdariffa have been shown to be comparable to alum in the treatment of greywater, separately and in combination.

Section: H Sabdariffa Seeds Coagulation Activity 321 Coagulation Effe...mentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: H Sabdariffa Seeds Coagulation Activity 321 Coagulation Effe...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Preparation Of H Sabdariffa Seeds Powdermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Coagulation Via Jar Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on studies performed by [19], [30] which the optimum dosage were found between 100-190 mg/L. Therefore, the dosage in the experiment was manipulated from 50-300 mg/L.…”

Section: Coagulation Effects Of Dosagementioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Coagulation-flocculation process for greywater treatment using Chitosan and Hibiscus Sabdariffa

Chen¹,

Ismail²,

Oh³

et al. 2023

Treatment of greywater by adsorption and coagulation with Hibiscus Sabdariffa as the natural coagulant

Ahmad¹,

Ismail²,

Yoon³

2023

Greywater refers to wastewater from showers, baths, basins and washing machines. Recycled greywater can be used for crops irrigation, toilet flushing, and other activities that does not require fresh water. Coagulation is an effective, simple, and cheap process to treat greywater with the use of coagulants. The studies show that the use of chemical coagulants pose threat to the environment, produce large amount of sludge and have severe effect on human health. This study uses Hibiscus Sabdariffa seeds as natural coagulant, as they are biodegradable, non-toxic, and safe for human health. The seeds of Hibiscus Sabdariffa are usually discarded, thus using them as natural coagulants makes it cost-effective. Another process of adsorption was also studied in this work due to its effectiveness in treating wastewater. Activated carbon have been studied as an adsorbent due to its low-cost and sustainability. The aims of this paper are to investigate the performance of the seeds and adsorbent by differing pH, coagulant dosage, and adsorbent dosage. Jar test was carried out by varying pH of 2-12, coagulant dosage of 20-120 mg/L and adsorbent dosage of 0.5-5g. The process involved rapid mixing for 4 minutes, slow mixing for 25 minutes and 30 minutes of sedimentation time. By carrying out the experiment, it was found out the seeds of Hibiscus Sabdariffa showed best performance at pH 2, coagulant dosage 20 mg/L with the turbidity removal and COD removal of 91.3% and 43%, respectively. For the process of adsorption, highest turbidity and COD removal were determined to be 98.6% and 61.6% respectively with the pH 2 and adsorbent dosage of 3g. The combined process of adsorption-coagulation shows best performance at pH 2, coagulant dosage 4 mg/L and adsorbent dosage of 1.6g with the turbidity and COD removal of 98.3% and 85% respectively. This study shows the potential in Hibiscus Sabdariffa seeds and activated carbon to treat greywater for reuse.

Drying of Artocarpus Heterophyllus and is application in treating dye wastewater

Alghaithi,

Ismail,

Chua

2023

Coagulation is a common technique used in wastewater treatment plants to remove dissolved chemicals, turbidity, and colours. Aluminium sulphate (alum), the most common coagulant, has recently been connected to both Alzheimer’s disease and environmental issues. In order to deal with these issues, researchers are considering the possibility of developing a natural coagulant that is safe for both humans and the environment. In this research, Artocarpus Heterophyllus (Jackfruit) seeds were used to make a natural coagulant, and their use in the treatment of coloured wastewater was implemented. This study examined the effects of hot air-drying temperatures on the Jackfruit seed moisture content. Jackfruit seed application in dye wastewater treatment was also optimised via several experiments with varying coagulation parameters generated via central composite response surface design (CCD). Jackfruit seed drying and protein extraction are two crucial steps in making natural coagulants. Jackfruit seeds were dried in an oven at 40°C, 50 °C and 60°C to collect drying data. Drying information for the optimum air-drying temperature that produces the shortest drying time was used to generate five drying kinetic models. Based on the results of this research, 60°C hot air-drying temperature was chosen as the optimal drying temperature for Jackfruit seeds, resulting in the shortest total drying time of just 5 hours. Once the optimum hot air-drying temperature was recorded, five thin drying kinetic models were used to determine which module best explained the drying kinetics at the optimum hot air-drying temperature. Microsoft Excel solver was used to calculate the values of X2, R2, and RMSE. The kinetic model with the lowest X2 and RMSE was selected. The modified Midilli model was chosen as the best kinetic model for representing the drying performance of Jackfruit seeds, as it had the lowest X2 and RMSE. After that, the protein was extracted from jackfruit seeds that had been dried at 60°C for 5 hours. In order to extract the protein from jackfruit seeds, 2 g of dry seeds were dissolved in 100 mL of distilled water, blended, and filtered before being used in the Jar test. The initial concentration of dye wastewater, the pH of the wastewater, and the coagulant dosage were the main parameters in the jar test. Maximum colour removal of 85.81% was attained during Jackfruit seed-based dye wastewater treatment when the initial concentration of dye wastewater was 400 ppm; the coagulant dosage was 100mg/L, and the pH was 2. Therefore, these were chosen as the optimum parameters for treating dye wastewater with Jackfruit seeds.