Potential phosphorus mobilization from above-soil winter vegetation assessed from laboratory water extractions following freeze–thaw cycles

Lozier, Tatianna M.; Macrae, Merrin L.

doi:10.1080/07011784.2017.1331140

Cited by 17 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…These results are very similar to the findings from cover crop tissue grown in field conditions for the previously cited studies. Furthermore, our finding that freezing increases the WEP concentration of plant tissue agrees with the findings of many other studies (Bechmann et al., ; Cober et al., ; Liu et al., , ; Lozier & Macrae, ; Lozier et al., ). Further studies examining the effects of cold acclimation and termination method on WEP release may be warranted.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…This compares with Miller et al. (), Øgaard (), and Lozier and Macrae (), who found for cold‐acclimated, field‐grown tissue, ∼15–35%, 20–50%, and up to 49% of total biomass P can be released as WEP, respectively. The present study found that an average of 30% of total P was released as WEP from freeze‐terminated crop tissue in Trial A and 14, 41, and 53% of total P was released as WEP for freeze‐terminated rapeseed, crimson clover, and triticale, respectively, in Trial B.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…Across the literature, a wide variation in extraction timing when measuring WEP exists. In some studies, collected plant materials were extracted immediately after crop termination; in other studies, collected plant material was extracted multiple days after crop termination (Cober et al., ; Lozier & Macrae, ; Lozier et al., , Øgaard, ; Riddle & Bergström, ). As outlined in this study, conclusions regarding the effects of species and termination method are different when the extraction occurs ≥7 DAT.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many studies have found that exposure of plant tissue to freezing conditions enhances levels of water‐extractable P (WEP) released from plant tissue compared with plant tissue that was not exposed to freezing conditions (Bechmann, Kleinman, Sharpley, & Saporito, ; Cober, Macrae, & Van Eerd, ; Liu, Khalaf, Ulen, & Bergkvist, ; Liu et al., ; Lozier & Macrae, ; Lozier, Macrae, Brunke, & Van Eerd, ; Miller, Beauchamp, & Lauzon, ; Øgaard, ). Bechmann et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Species and termination method effects on phosphorus loss from plant tissue

et al. 2020

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Cover crops are often recommended as a best management practice to reduce erosion, weed pressure, and nutrient loss. However, cover crops may be sources of phosphorus (P) to runoff water after termination. Two greenhouse trials were conducted to determine the effects of cover crop species, termination method, and time after termination on water‐extractable P (WEP) release from crop biomass. Treatments were structured in a 3 × 3 × 3 factorial and arranged in a randomized complete block design with six replicates. Treatments included three cover crop species (triticale [× Triticosecale; Triticum × Secale ‘Trical’], rapeseed [Brassica napus L. ‘Winfred’], and crimson clover [Trifolium incarnatum L.]); three termination methods (clipping, freezing, and herbicide); and three WEP extraction times (1, 7, and 14 d after termination). Rapeseed consistently resulted in the least WEP when exposed to the same method of termination and at the same extraction time as the other species. For both trials, terminating crop tissue via freezing increased concentrations of WEP compared with other termination methods. The WEP release from cover crop tissue increased as the time after extraction increased, but the effect was greater for herbicide‐ and freeze‐terminated cover crops and less for clipping‐terminated cover crops. Future studies on WEP release from cover crops should pay close attention to the effects of extraction timing. Producers may be able to reduce P loss from cover crop tissue by selecting cover crop species with low WEP and minimizing the amount of biomass exposed to freezing conditions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Species and termination method effects on phosphorus loss from plant tissue

et al. 2020

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“…Ulén (1997), however, found no increase in P losses from cover crops or stubble in Sweden. In colder climates, freeze–thaw cycles may increase SRP losses by releasing P from vegetation during hydrologic events, such as runoff from snowmelt (Lozier and Macrae, 2017; Lozier et al, 2017); SRP losses from freeze‐intolerant plants are more prevalent (Cober et al, 2019). Nevertheless, Cober et al (2019) found the contribution of SRP from soil was always greater than that from cover crops, regardless of cover crop type.…”

Section: Implementing Conservation Practices That Reduce Agriculturalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing the Effectiveness and Adoption of Agricultural Phosphorus Management Strategies to Minimize Water Quality Impairment

Osmond

Shober²,

Sharpley

et al. 2019

J of Env Quality

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Phosphorus (P) is essential for optimum agricultural production, but it also causes water quality degradation when lost through erosion (sediment‐attached P), runoff (soluble reactive P; SRP), or leaching (sediment‐attached P or SRP). Implementation of conservation practices (CP) affects P at the source (avoiding), during transport (controlling), or at the water resource edge (trapping). Trade‐offs often occur with CP implementation. For instance, multiple researchers have shown that conservation tillage reduces total P by over 50%, while increasing SRP by upward of 40%. Conservation tillage may increase water quality degradation as SRP is more bioavailable than is particulate P. Conservation practices must be implemented as a system of practices to increase redundancy and to address all loss pathways, such as P management with conservation tillage and a riparian buffer. Further, planning and adoption must be at a watershed scale to ensure practices are placed in critical source areas, thereby providing the most treatment for the least price. Farmers must be involved in watershed planning, which should include financial backstopping and educational outreach. It is imperative that CPs be used more effectively to reduce and retard off‐site P losses. New and innovative CPs are needed to improve control of P leaching, address legacy stores of soil test P, and mitigate increased P losses expected with climate change. Without immediate changes to CP implementation, P losses will increase due to climate change, with a concomitant degradation of water quality. These changes must be made at a watershed scale and in an intentional and transparent manner. Core Ideas Phosphorus‐reducing conservation practices must control all P pathways. Phosphorus‐reducing conservation practices must be utilized as systems. New and innovative conservation practices are needed to improve control of P. Farmer decision‐making must be considered when implementing conservation practices. Watershed planning and conservation practice implementation must be intentional.

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Runoff and drainage trade‐offs from cover crops exposed to freeze–thaw events

Muñoz‐Ventura¹,

Christianson

Bhattarai

et al. 2022

Agrosystems Geosci & Env

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Winter cover crops are widely promoted for multiple ecosystem services although nutrient leaching from the plant biomass and subsequent transport of those nutrients is possible after freeze-thaw events. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of freeze-thaw conditions on both runoff and drainage or leachate water quality from two common cover crops. Rainfall simulations were performed on packed columns (20 cm diam.; 56 cm length) that included triplicate combinations of cereal rye (Secale cereale L.), forage radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. longipinnatus), and bare soil and a heavy, light, and no freezing treatment. The two cover crops reduced runoff total suspended solids concentrations and nitrate leaching compared with a bare soil control, confirming many cover cropping benefits. The heavy freezing conditions (including two nights of <-15 ˚C) resulted in significantly higher total phosphorus and nitrate concentrations in both runoff and leachate from the cereal rye, which had been killed, compared with unfrozen cereal rye. Some of the conditions tested in this lab-scale study could be considered extreme (e.g., 10.1 cm h −1 rainfall × 2 h, −15.7 ˚C) but these results nonetheless help demonstrate the importance of effective conservation practices for both surface and subsurface flows as well as for multiple water quality parameters in the face of increasing weather variability.

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Potential phosphorus mobilization from above-soil winter vegetation assessed from laboratory water extractions following freeze–thaw cycles

Cited by 17 publications

References 44 publications

Species and termination method effects on phosphorus loss from plant tissue

Species and termination method effects on phosphorus loss from plant tissue

Increasing the Effectiveness and Adoption of Agricultural Phosphorus Management Strategies to Minimize Water Quality Impairment

Runoff and drainage trade‐offs from cover crops exposed to freeze–thaw events

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