Potential Risk of Frost in the Growing Season in Poland

Abstract

Fruits, garden plants, and agricultural crops grown in Poland exhibit wide variations in their sensitivity to frost, particularly in early spring. In the case of frost, generally, the yield and quality are reduced, and sometimes, entire plants can be destroyed. This article characterizes the occurrence of ground frosts (at 5 cm agl) and air frosts (at 200 cm agl) in Poland gathered from 52 meteorological stations affiliated with IMGW-PIB between 1971 and 2020. To assess the real risk of frost to plants, the variability of this phenomenon was analyzed per thermal growing season (defined as air temperature >5 °C), rather than in traditional calendar terms as presented in most studies. In the climatic conditions of Poland, the growing season is characterized by a reported 28 days with ground frost and 13.3 days with air frost, approximately. In spring, the last ground frost disappears, on average, on a country scale, on May 14, and air frost on April 27. In turn, in autumn, the first ground frost is recorded, on average, on 1 October and air frost on 14 October. On the basis of the selected characteristics of frost and the growing season, four areas of potential risk of ground and air frost in the growing season, as well as in spring, were determined with the use of cluster analysis.

The Impact of Climate Change on the Spatiotemporal Distribution of Early Frost in Maize Due to the Northeast Cold Vortex

“…In the Iberian Peninsula, the occurrence of spring frost has been advanced by 0.4-1.2 days per year, and autumn frost has been delayed by 0.4-1.0 days per year. In Romania, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Poland in central and eastern Europe, where frost days typically occur in late October, the frost-free period from 1990 to 2019 was longer compared to 1950-1979; however, this was primarily due to earlier final frost (spring frost), although there were slight delays in early frost that were not significant [30][31][32]. The onset of the early frost in Northern China has gradually been delayed under the influence of climate change.…”