Potential Role of Exercise Induced Extracellular Vesicles in Prostate Cancer Suppression

Abstract

Physical exercise is increasingly recognized as a valuable treatment strategy in managing prostate cancer, not only enhancing supportive care but potentially influencing disease outcomes. However, there are limited studies investigating mechanisms of the tumor-suppressive effect of exercise. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized as a therapeutic target for cancer as tumor-derived EVs have the potential to promote metastatic capacity by transferring oncogenic proteins, integrins, and microRNAs to other cells and EVs are also involved in developing drug resistance. Skeletal muscle has been identified as an endocrine organ, releasing EVs into the circulation, and levels of EV-containing factors have been shown to increase in response to exercise. Moreover, preclinical studies have demonstrated the tumor-suppressive effect of protein and microRNA contents in skeletal muscle-derived EVs in various cancers, including prostate cancer. Here we review current knowledge of the tumor-derived EVs in prostate cancer progression and metastasis, the role of exercise in skeletal muscle-derived EVs circulating levels and the alteration of their contents, and the potential tumor-suppressive effect of skeletal muscle-derived EV contents in prostate cancer. In addition, we review the proposed mechanism of exercise in the uptake of skeletal muscle-derived EVs in prostate cancer.

Neuron-derived extracellular vesicles in blood reveal effects of exercise in Alzheimer’s disease

“…Given variable reports regarding the acute effects of exercise on the concentration and size of total circulating EVs [ 28 , 29 ], we examined the effect of 16-week exercise on NDEVs. There were no group differences or changes over time in the concentration (Fig.…”

Post‐diagnosis physical activity and sedentary behaviour and colorectal cancer prognosis: A Global Cancer Update Programme (CUP Global) systematic literature review and meta‐analysis

“…153 Extracellular vesicles, small membrane-surrounded structures which transfer molecules across cells, are an emerging target for treatment of various cancers. 154,155 Physical activity enhances skeletal muscle mass, which increases extracellular vesicle secretion in blood, leading to increased circulation of beneficial myokines, cytokines and peptides released from muscle cells, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6). Exerciseinduced myokine secretion has been shown to have an antiinflammatory role in various chronic diseases.…”

“…For example, exercise leads to increased levels of serum adiponectin and decreased levels of insulin and leptin, which may lead to reduced proliferation and enhanced apoptosis of tumour cells, although evidence specifically in colorectal cancer patients is currently limited 153 . Extracellular vesicles, small membrane‐surrounded structures which transfer molecules across cells, are an emerging target for treatment of various cancers 154,155 . Physical activity enhances skeletal muscle mass, which increases extracellular vesicle secretion in blood, leading to increased circulation of beneficial myokines, cytokines and peptides released from muscle cells, such as interleukin‐6 (IL‐6).…”

Exploiting the therapeutic potential of contracting skeletal muscle-released extracellular vesicles in cancer: Current insights and future directions

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