Potential role of fire retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a source of brominated diphenyl ethers to the US environment

Hale, Robert C.; Guardia, Mark J. La; Harvey, Ellen; Mainor, T Matt

doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(01)00237-5

Cited by 263 publications

(166 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…These findings were similar to those generally reported in soils and sediments from e-waste recycling sites and other countries [6,14,15,17,28,30]. This was also consistent with the fact that deca-BDEs accounted for 72% of total PBDEs commercial formulations in the global market demand [27,31]. E-waste recycling activities in QY and GY differ somewhat.…”

Section: Congener Profilessupporting

confidence: 90%

“…As shown in Table 2, PBDE concentrations of BDE-209 in e-waste recycling sites (2,246 and 2,775 ng/g dry wt for GY and QY, respectively) were similar to those reported for other groups at GY (890 ng/g dry wt [14]) and QY (1,539 ng/g dry wt [15]), whereas the P 18 PBDEs other than BDE-209 at both sites (663 and 455 ng g À1 dry wt for GY and QY, respectively) were somewhat lower than those reported at GY (1,154 ng/g dry wt [16]), QY (1,150 ng/g dry wt [15]) and Taizhou (945 ng g À1 dry wt [12]). When compared with values reported for other countries, the concentrations of P 18 PBDEs and BDE-209 in the industrial areas of the present study fell within the ranges in soils from industrial areas in Turkey [26], Spain [10], and the United States [27]. Data in the present study were also one order of magnitude higher than those reported for remote/rural and urban soils from Europe and Asia [9,26,28,29].…”

Section: Concentrations Levelssupporting

confidence: 71%

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface soils from e‐waste recycling areas and industrial areas in South China: Concentration levels, congener profile, and inventory

Gao

Hong

et al. 2011

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in 60 surface soils from two e-waste recycling sites (Qingyuan and Guiyu, China) and their surrounding areas to assess the extent and influence of PBDEs from e-waste recycling sites on the surrounding areas. A total of 32 surface soils from industrial areas in South China were also investigated for comparison. The mean concentrations of total PBDEs in the e-waste recycling sites of Guiyu and Qingyuan were 2,909 and 3,230 ng/g dry weight, respectively, whereas the PBDE concentrations decreased dramatically (1-2 orders of magnitude) with increasing distance from the recycling site, suggesting that the e-waste recycling activities were the major source of PBDEs in the surrounding areas. Decabromodiphenyl ethers accounted for 77.0 to 85.8% of total PBDEs in e-waste recycling areas, whereas it accounted for 90.2% in industrial areas. Principal component analysis showed that the major source of PBDEs in e-waste recycling areas were a combination of penta-, octa-, and deca-BDE commercial formulations, whereas deca-BDE commercial formulations were the major source of PBDE congeners in industrial areas. The inventories of PBDEs gave preliminary estimates of 6.22 tons and 13.4 tons for the e-waste recycling areas and industrial areas. The results suggested that significantly higher PBDEs in the e-waste recycling sites have already affected surrounding areas negatively within a relatively large distance.

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Section: Congener Profilessupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Concentrations Levelssupporting

confidence: 71%

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface soils from e‐waste recycling areas and industrial areas in South China: Concentration levels, congener profile, and inventory

Gao

Hong

et al. 2011

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…28 These findings agree with the fact that deca-BDE mixtures account for most of the total PBDEs mixtures production and usage around the world. 30 The dominance of BDE 209 in this study indicated that deca-BDE is the main commercial mixture produced and used within BRR.…”

Section: Congener Patterns and Possible Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 71%

Levels and distributions of PBDEs and PCBs in sediments of the Bohai Sea, North China

Pan

Tang

et al. 2010

J. Environ. Monit.

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Fifty-four surface sediments covering the whole water body of the Bohai Sea in North China were collected and analyzed for PBDEs and PCBs, to acquire information about their levels, distributions and possible sources. The results show that BDE 209 is the predominant congener with a mean value of 7000 pg g À1 dry weight, two orders of magnitude higher than other BDE congeners. The concentrations of SPBDE 7 (including BDE 28,47, 99, 100, 153, 154 and 183) range from 220 to 900 pg g À1 dw. Significant correlations were found between BDE congeners and total organic content (TOC) (r 2 ¼ 0.48-0.73). Pearson analysis shows that most tri-to hepta-BDE congeners were closely correlated (r 2 > 0.69). Congener patterns varied little among most of the samples and all the detected BDE congeners make a relatively equal mass contribution to SPBDE 7 . Such a profile is notably different from any of the BDE commercial products. As for PCBs, only a few congeners were detected in certain samples. They ranged from nd-610 pg g À1 dw with a mean value of 145 pg g À1 dw, at the lower end of the range reported in remote areas of Europe and North America. The overall burdens of SPBDE 7 and BDE 209 within the upper 3 cm sediment layer were estimated to be 0.95-1.25 t and 11-19 t respectively. The latter accounts for about 0.008-0.014% of total BDE 209 produced in China from 1999 to 2006.

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“…The printed paper was also scattered for the religious activities in this area. The textile and paint may contain PBDEs, which probably resulted in the high concentrations of BDE-153 at site 7 (Hale et al, 2002;Kemmlein et al, 2003;Watanabe and Sakai, 2003).…”

Section: Altitudinal Distribution Of Pcb and Pbde Homologuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of PCBs and PBDEs in soils along the altitudinal gradients of Balang Mountain, the east edge of the Tibetan Plateau

Zheng¹,

Liu²,

Jiang³

et al. 2012

Environmental Pollution

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Potential role of fire retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a source of brominated diphenyl ethers to the US environment

Cited by 263 publications

References 13 publications

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface soils from e‐waste recycling areas and industrial areas in South China: Concentration levels, congener profile, and inventory

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface soils from e‐waste recycling areas and industrial areas in South China: Concentration levels, congener profile, and inventory

Levels and distributions of PBDEs and PCBs in sediments of the Bohai Sea, North China

Distribution of PCBs and PBDEs in soils along the altitudinal gradients of Balang Mountain, the east edge of the Tibetan Plateau

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