Potential Role of Nematophagous Microarthropods as Biotic Mortality Factors of Entomogenous Nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae)

Gamasida (Arachnida: Acari) Edáficos de Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo

“…e Hypoaspis spp., têm sido citadas como importantes predadores de outros ácaros, de outros artrópodes e de nematóides, com grande potencial para controle biológico de pragas (Epsky et al 1988, Moore et al 1988, Walter 1988, Walter & Ikonen 1989, Crossley Jr. et al 1992.…”

“…e Lasioseius spp. (Epsky et al 1988;Moore et al 1988, Walter 1988, Walter & Ikonen 1989, Crossley Jr. et al 1992 …”

“…Esta família tem ampla distribuição e muitos representantes têm sido encontrados em quase todos os continentes, exceto na Antártica. Muitas espécies de Ascidae têm sido relatadas como importantes predadores de ácaros, de outros artrópodes e de nematóides (Epsky et al 1988, Moore et al 1988, Walter 1988, Walter & Ikonen 1989, Crossley Jr. et al 1992, com potencial para o controle biológico das espécies pragas.…”

Entomopathogenic Nematodes in the Soil Environment: Distributions, Interactions and the Influence of Biotic and Abiotic Factors

“…Local extinctions and reintroductions are probably important aspects of the distribution of these species, and populations could often be extremely transitory in space and time (Hominick & Briscoe, 1990a;Ram, Gruner, McLaughlin, Preisser, & Strong, 2008;. Passive dispersal by water or phoretic dispersal within or upon hosts (Lacey, Kaya, & Bettencourt, 1995;Timper, Kaya, & Gaugler, 1988) or other organisms (e.g., mites, (Epsky, Walter, & Capinera, 1988); earthworms, (Shapiro, Berry, & Lewis, 1993); isopods, (Eng, Preisser, & Strong, 2005)) likely play important roles. The field distribution of Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) IJs in a grassland habitat appears to consist of a low-level Poisson distributed background of "old" IJs combined with discrete narrow peaks consisting of several dozen "young" IJs resulting from recent insect emergence (Spiridonov & Voronov, 1995;Spiridonov et al, 2007).…”

“…Similarly, the assay system and host insect used can modify the apparent impact of predation on EPNs. Predatory microarthropods reduced the efficacy of EPNs against a very susceptible but not natural host (wax moth larvae, Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in soilless assay arenas but had no effect against a natural host (Japanese beetle grubs) in an assay arena containing turf (Epsky et al, 1988;Gilmore & Potter, 1993). Real-time PCR can be useful for assessing the association of EPNs and their natural enemies under field conditions (Campos-Herrera, El-Borai, Campos-Herrera, Jaffuel, Chiriboga, Blanco-Perez, Fesselet, et al, 2015;Campos-Herrera, Pathak, El-Borai, Stuart, et al, 2013;Pathak et al, 2012).…”