Potential Sources of Trace Metals and Ionic Species in PM2.5 in Guadalajara, Mexico: A Case Study during Dry Season

Murillo-Tovar, Mario Alfonso; Saldarriaga-Noreña, Hugo; Hernández-Mena, Leonel; Campos–Ramos, Arturo A.; Cárdenas-González, Beatriz; Ospina-Noreña, Jesús Efren; Cosío-Ramírez, Ricardo; Díaz-Torres, José de Jesús; Smith, Winston

doi:10.3390/atmos6121834

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Similar reports were registered in previous studies at Chennai Nagendra, 2012a, 2012b;Chithra and Nagendra, 2013) and other urban areas (Agrillo et al, 2013;Riccio et al, 2016Riccio et al, , 2017Jain et al, 2018). Since sampling was performed during winter, there were frequent biomass combustions by slum dwellers for heating and cooking (Murillo-Tovar et al, 2015;Kuniyal et al, 2015), and this may explain the abundance of potassium next to major secondary ions in PM fine fraction. It was also found that potassium and calcium may originate from lubricant oils used in vehicles (Popovicheva et al, 2014;Riccio et al, 2017), and potassium from tire and break wear (Srimuruganandam and Nagendra, 2012b).…”

Section: Ionic and Elemental Compositionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Vertical transport of PM and PM and its source identification in the street canyons of Chennai metropolitan city, India

Ezhilkumar

Karthikeyan

Chianese

et al. 2021

Atmospheric Pollution Research

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Section: Ionic and Elemental Compositionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Vertical transport of PM and PM and its source identification in the street canyons of Chennai metropolitan city, India

Ezhilkumar

Karthikeyan

Chianese

et al. 2021

Atmospheric Pollution Research

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“…These two quinones are formed either in the gas phase, involving reaction of phenanthrene directly with oxygenated secondary species like O 3 , HO•, and NO 3 [38], or they are emitted by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuel [39], particularly diesel [40]. A diesel source is consistent with the intensity and type of vehicular traffic at the sampling site in Centro, which is mainly constituted by heavy-duty vehicles employed for passenger transport [41]. The significant spearman anti-correlation found of 1,4-NQ with NO and the direct correlation of 9,10-PQ with NO 2 (Table S3) suggest that the occurrence of those quinones in CEN is due to a more aged profile, which could be associated with other factor distinct to local and primary sources, such a chemical and photochemical transformation in the atmosphere [38].…”

Section: Principal Component Analysis (Pca)mentioning

confidence: 93%

Occurrence and Potential Sources of Quinones Associated with PM2.5 in Guadalajara, Mexico

et al. 2017

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This study aims to establish the influence of primary emission sources and atmospheric transformation process contributing to the concentrations of quinones associated to particulate matter of less than 2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ) in three sites within the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara (MAG), namely Centro (CEN), Tlaquepaque (TLA) and Las Águilas (AGU). Environmental levels of quinones extracted from PM 2.5 filters were analyzed using Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Overall, primary emissions in combination with photochemical and oxidation reactions contribute to the presence of quinones in the urban atmosphere of MAG. It was found that quinones in PM 2.5 result from the contributions from direct emission sources by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels such as diesel and gasoline that relate mainly to vehicular activity intensity in the three sampling sites selected. However, this also suggests that the occurrence of quinones in MAG can be related to photochemical transformation of the parent Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), to chemical reactions with oxygenated species, or a combination of both routes. The higher concentration of 1,4-Chrysenequinone during the rainy season compared to the warm-dry season indicates chemical oxidation of chrysene, since the humidity could favor singlet oxygen collision with parent PAH present in the particle phase. On the contrary, 9,10-Anthraquinone/Anthracene and 1,4-Naftoquinone/Naphthalene ratios were higher during the warm-dry season compared to the rainy season, which might indicate a prevalence of the photochemical formation during the warm-dry season favored by the large solar radiation typical of the season. In addition, the estimated percentage of photochemical formation of 9,10-Phenanthrenequinone showed that the occurrence of this compound in Tlaquepaque (TLA) and Las Águilas (AGU) sites is mainly propagated by conditions of high solar radiation such as in the warm-dry season and during long periods of advection of air masses from emission to the reception areas. This was shown by the direct association between the number hourly back trajectories arriving in the TLA and AGU from Centro and other areas in MAG and the highest photochemical formation percentage.

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“…Various studies carried out in Mexico have focused on the physical-chemical characterization of atmospheric particles, spatiotemporal variation and the possible sources of heavy metals, with few studies evaluating the risks to health and the environment [15][16][17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Estimation of Heavy Metals Associated with PM2.5 in the Urban Area of Cuernavaca, México

Brito-Hernández,

Saldarriaga-Noreña,

Rosales-Rivera

et al. 2024

Atmosphere

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The city of Cuernavaca has experienced a significant deterioration in air quality in recent years. Despite this situation, few studies in the region have constantly monitored this problem. The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of heavy metals in PM2.5 in three representative sites of the city and estimate the risks posed to human health and the environment. The results revealed concentrations in the following order of abundance: Fe > Al > Mg > Zn > As > Ni > V > Pb > Mn. The EF indicated that As comes mainly from anthropogenic emissions; Zn, V, Pb, and Ni come from natural and anthropogenic sources; and Mn, Fe and Al have a natural origin derived from the soil. The Igeo, As, Pb and Zn were greater than five, followed by V and Ni, whose values ranged between two and three. The ecological RI was far greater than 600 in all cases. The HQ revealed that all values were below one, indicating that the health risk posed by exposure to ambient air is below that established by the USEPA. The Ni ILCR values for adults were 1.03 × 10−5, followed by 2.9 × 10−6 and 1.6 × 10−7 for Pb and As, respectively. For children, the values were in the following order: Pb (1.2 × 10−6), Ni (4.8 × 10−6) and As (7.5 × 10−6). These findings suggest that Cuernavaca’s air has moderate to heavy contamination levels, which must be taken into account by environmental authorities so that measurements can be taken to help reverse this situation.

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Potential Sources of Trace Metals and Ionic Species in PM2.5 in Guadalajara, Mexico: A Case Study during Dry Season

Cited by 14 publications

References 50 publications

Vertical transport of PM and PM and its source identification in the street canyons of Chennai metropolitan city, India

Vertical transport of PM and PM and its source identification in the street canyons of Chennai metropolitan city, India

Occurrence and Potential Sources of Quinones Associated with PM2.5 in Guadalajara, Mexico

Risk Estimation of Heavy Metals Associated with PM2.5 in the Urban Area of Cuernavaca, México

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