Potentially Arable Soils Of The World And Critical Measures For Their Use

Kellogg, Charles E.; Orvedal, Arnold C.

doi:10.1016/s0065-2113(08)60096-6

Cited by 35 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…There are large, potentially arable land areas in the humid and semi-arid tropics where light and water would not limit crop production (Sanchez, 1976;Uehara, 1977). Kellogg and Orvedal (1969) suggested that a major factor limiting utilization of tropical areas suited for crop production is inadequate knowledge of how to manage the highly weathered Oxisols and Ultisols in these regions. Nitrogen, lime, and P are the three major fertilizer inputs required to bring these soils into profitable agronomic production (Uehara, 1977).…”

Section: ~--mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphorus Requirements of Soybean and Cowpea as Affected by Mode of N Nutrition¹

Cassman¹,

Whitney²,

Fox

1981

Agronomy Journal

108

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A field experiment was conducted on a tropical soil (Humoxic Tropohumult) with a high P sorption capacity to compare the critical external and internal P requirements of soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata () Walp.) as affected by the predominant mode of N nutrition during crop growth. The experiment had a split-plot design with two N-level subplots established within each of six Plevel mainplots. Phosphorus treatment ranged from 0.0015 (unamended soil) to 0.08 (1,880 kg P/ha) µg P/ml in 0.01M CaCl 2 solutions equilibrated with soil for 6 days. Nitrogen levels were either deficient (plants primarily dependent on N fixation) or sufficient (N fertilizer supplied at rates sufficient to satisfy the crop N requirement). Nitrogen-fixing soybeans required 750 kg P/ha to obtain a 900/. relative yield which was 320 kg P/ha more than that required by N-supplied plants to obtain a comparable relative yield. The P concentration of N-fixing soybean plants was significantly lower than that of Nsupplied plants at all levels of applied P fertilizer. The external P requirement and tissue P concentration of cowpea were unaffected by soil N level. The data show that cowpea was more tolerant of P stress than soybean, especially when dependent on N fixation. The cowpea cultivar grown without P or N fertilizer yielded 72% of the maximum yield obtained at optimum P levels while the comparable relative yield for the soybean cultivar was 28%. We conclude that (i) some N-fixing grain legumes can make respectable yields with little or no P fertilizer while others might not and, (ii) screening N-fixing grain legumes for tolerance to nutrient stress should be conducted on N-deficient soil to insure that nutritional requirements are assessed for the N-fixing plant, especially on the highly weathered soils of the tropics.

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Section: ~--mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphorus Requirements of Soybean and Cowpea as Affected by Mode of N Nutrition¹

Cassman¹,

Whitney²,

Fox

1981

Agronomy Journal

108

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“…In particular, the CZs of many heavily populated and developing regions of the world such as southeast Asia, India, as well as tropical Africa and South America, are lateritic (Kellogg and Orvedal, 1969). The CZ encompasses a near-surface region where complex chemical, biological, and mechanical interactions take place and, as such, is vital to human, plant, and animal life.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The CZ encompasses a near-surface region where complex chemical, biological, and mechanical interactions take place and, as such, is vital to human, plant, and animal life. In particular, the CZs of many heavily populated and developing regions of the world such as southeast Asia, India, as well as tropical Africa and South America, are lateritic (Kellogg and Orvedal, 1969).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of HVSR to estimating thickness of laterite weathering profiles in basalt

Nelson

McBride

2019

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Lateritic weathering profiles (LWPs) are widespread in the tropics and comprise an important component of the Critical Zone (CZ). The Hawaiian Islands make an excellent natural laboratory for examining the tropical CZ, where the bedrock composition (basalt) is nearly uniform and rainfall varies greatly. This natural laboratory is employed to assess the utility of the HVSR (horizontal/vertical spectral ratio) method to characterize the shear‐wave velocity (Vs) structure of LWPs, particularly the depth to the contact between saprolite and basalt bedrock. LWP thicknesses determined from HVSR provide good agreement with multi‐channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) profiles, well logs and outcrop. LWP thicknesses may be estimated from the fundamental mode equation or through forward models. Prior knowledge about the subsurface from well, outcrop, and MASW profiles may greatly aid modeling in some cases. For the 3.2 to 1.8 Ma Koolau Volcano on Oahu, the downward rate of advance of the weathering front varies from 0.004 to 0.041 m/ka. For the 0.44 to 0.10 Ma Kohala Volcano (Big Island of Hawaii) rates vary from 0.013 to 0.047 m/ka. Simple H/V spectra develop in areas where the combined effects of time and elevated rainfall produce thick LWPs with a flat base and a general absence of core stones with an ideal layered geometry. Abundant buried core stones violate the assumption of simple layered geometries and scatter acoustic energy, leading to uninterpretable results. This is common where low rainfall and a young basaltic substrate leave abundant core stones as well as an undulating contact between saprolite and bedrock. Velocity inversions (high Vs intervals within low Vs saprolite) may also be present and originate from relatively intact bedrock horizons or mineralogical changes within saprolite. At Kohala, a gibbsite‐rich horizon produces such a velocity inversion due to enhanced weathering and subsequent collapse of saprolite in a discrete horizon. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…The CZ encompasses a near-surface region where complex chemical, biological, and mechanical interactions take place and, as such, is vital to human, plant, and animal life. In particular, the CZ in the tropical regions of southeast Asia, India, Africa, and South America is lateritic (Kellogg and Orvedal, 1969). These areas of the world are heavily populated with developing economies and a strong dependence on agriculture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A conceptual model for the rapid weathering of tropical ocean islands: A synthesis of geochemistry and geophysics, Kohala Peninsula, Hawaii, USA

et al. 2018

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Much of the world's population lives in developing countries in regions with deeply weathered soils and thick, subjacent saprolites. These areas are widespread in the tropics and compose an important component of the critical zone (CZ). The Hawaiian Islands (USA) make an excellent natural laboratory for examining the tropical CZ, where the bedrock composition (basalt) is nearly uniform but of variable age and where climate (rainfall) varies greatly. The purpose of this study is to develop a model for rapid weathering to deep regolith profiles in tropical ocean islands.In the Kohala Peninsula, Hawaii, a variably weathered, thick soil and saprolite profile is exposed along sea cliffs in a mesic climate setting. Laterite development includes the entire vadose zone, with a mineralogy that chiefly includes halloysite ± gibbsite and Fe-oxides and mixed Fe-oxides and hydroxide species developed on a 303 ka substrate. Gibbsite-rich horizons occur in enhanced zones of weathering. At the base of the weathering front and on the rinds of core stones, transient smectite clays are developed, but rapidly break down to halloysite. Excess Al and Fe found in soil and saprolite likely originated from the decomposition of volcanic ash deposited on the ground surface from later effusive volcanism.Shear-wave velocity data derived from multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) and common depth point (CDP) seismic reflection profiles reveal important internal details of the weathering profiles that complement information derived from nearby rock outcrop along a sea cliff. In addition to identifying the depth of the weathering front, stiff horizons within the laterite correlate to high gibbsite abundances in the MASW profile. Parallel to the paleo-lava flow direction, relict igneous stratigraphy is expressed as seaward-dipping reflectors on CDP profiles, whereas perpendicular to flow, reflector geometry suggests lenticular bodies within laterite.A synthesis of geochemistry and geophysical studies leads to the development of a conceptual model to explain variable weathering within the CZ. First, although there is an overall trend for the downward migration of the weathering front with time, zones of high initial permeability (rubble above or below a'a flows; tephra or scoria deposits) are influenced by both downward and lateral fluxes of water, leading to enhanced weathering in what are now gibbsite-rich horizons. Second, the dense cores of a'a flows with widely spaced joints preserve large core stones that weather inward where halloysite-rich saprolite gives way to smectite-rich rims. Thus, differential weathering is a natural consequence of textural variations in primary igneous stratigraphy with superimposed additions of Al and Fe from the dissolution of basaltic glass. This study shows how weathering features and processes may be synthesized from outcrop, geochemical observations, and geophysical profiles into a multi-stage conceptual model of weathering.

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Potentially Arable Soils Of The World And Critical Measures For Their Use

Cited by 35 publications

References 3 publications

Phosphorus Requirements of Soybean and Cowpea as Affected by Mode of N Nutrition¹

Phosphorus Requirements of Soybean and Cowpea as Affected by Mode of N Nutrition¹

Application of HVSR to estimating thickness of laterite weathering profiles in basalt

A conceptual model for the rapid weathering of tropical ocean islands: A synthesis of geochemistry and geophysics, Kohala Peninsula, Hawaii, USA

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Potentially Arable Soils Of The World And Critical Measures For Their Use

Cited by 35 publications

References 3 publications

Phosphorus Requirements of Soybean and Cowpea as Affected by Mode of N Nutrition1

Phosphorus Requirements of Soybean and Cowpea as Affected by Mode of N Nutrition1

Application of HVSR to estimating thickness of laterite weathering profiles in basalt

A conceptual model for the rapid weathering of tropical ocean islands: A synthesis of geochemistry and geophysics, Kohala Peninsula, Hawaii, USA

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Phosphorus Requirements of Soybean and Cowpea as Affected by Mode of N Nutrition¹

Phosphorus Requirements of Soybean and Cowpea as Affected by Mode of N Nutrition¹