Potentially pathogenic nontuberculous mycobacteria found in aquatic systems. Analysis from a reclaimed water and water distribution system in Mexico City

Castillo-Rodal, Antonia Isabel; Mazarí-Hiriart, Marisa; Lloret-Sánchez, L. T.; Sachman-Ruiz, Bernardo; Vinuesa, Pablo; López-Vidal, Yolanda

doi:10.1007/s10096-011-1359-y

Cited by 39 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The most frequently isolated species were: M. arupense , M. fortuitum and M. lentiflavum are potentially pathogenic species. These species were isolated from the environment [40]–[42] and M. arupense was isolated from wild African rodents [43]. Intracellular mycobacteria were more frequently isolated from specimens from which we also isolated FLA that may indicate their role as a reservoir for these mycobacteria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Investigating the Role of Free-living Amoebae as a Reservoir for Mycobacterium ulcerans

et al. 2014

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BackgroundThe reservoir and mode of transmission of Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of Buruli ulcer, still remain a mystery. It has been suggested that M. ulcerans persists with difficulty as a free-living organism due to its natural fragility and inability to withstand exposure to direct sunlight, and thus probably persists within a protective host environment.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe investigated the role of free-living amoebae as a reservoir of M. ulcerans by screening the bacterium in free-living amoebae (FLA) cultures isolated from environmental specimens using real-time PCR. We also followed the survival of M. ulcerans expressing green fluorescence protein (GFP) in Acanthameoba castellanii by flow cytometry and observed the infected cells using confocal and transmission electron microscopy for four weeks in vitro. IS2404 was detected by quantitative PCR in 4.64% of FLA cultures isolated from water, biofilms, detritus and aerosols. While we could not isolate M. ulcerans, 23 other species of mycobacteria were cultivated from inside FLA and/or other phagocytic microorganisms. Laboratory experiments with GFP-expressing M. ulcerans in A. castellani trophozoites for 28 days indicated the bacteria did not replicate inside amoebae, but they could remain viable at low levels in cysts. Transmission electron microscopy of infected A. castellani confirmed the presence of bacteria within both trophozoite vacuoles and cysts. There was no correlation of BU notification rate with detection of the IS2404 in FLA (r = 0.07, n = 539, p = 0.127).Conclusion/SignificanceThis study shows that FLA in the environment are positive for the M. ulcerans insertion sequence IS2404. However, the detection frequency and signal strength of IS2404 positive amoabae was low and no link with the occurrence of BU was observed. We conclude that FLA may host M. ulcerans at low levels in the environment without being directly involved in the transmission to humans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Investigating the Role of Free-living Amoebae as a Reservoir for Mycobacterium ulcerans

et al. 2014

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“…Five strains of NTM were used in this study: three were isolated from the pump water in Mexico City as previously described by Castillo-Rodal et al ( M. gordonae , M. nonchromogenicum type II, and M. peregrinum ) [2], one was isolated from human pulmonary infection ( M. scrofulaceum/M. mantenii ), and one was purchased ( M. nonchromogenicum type II, ATCC 1953 ) (Table 1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The NTM group comprises more than 150 species that are widely distributed in many different environments (http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/m/mycobacterium.html). NTM have been isolated from water, soil, air, food, protozoa, plants, animals, and humans [1, 2]. Although most NTM are saprophytes, approximately one-third of NTM have been associated with human diseases [3, 4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specific Proteins in Nontuberculous Mycobacteria: New Potential Tools

Orduña

Castillo-Rodal

Mercado

et al. 2015

BioMed Research International

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Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have been isolated from water, soil, air, food, protozoa, plants, animals, and humans. Although most NTM are saprophytes, approximately one-third of NTM have been associated with human diseases. In this study, we did a comparative proteomic analysis among five NTM strains isolated from several sources. There were different numbers of protein spots from M. gordonae (1,264), M. nonchromogenicum type I (894), M. nonchromogenicum type II (935), M. peregrinum (806), and M. scrofulaceum/Mycobacterium mantenii (1,486) strains, respectively. We identified 141 proteins common to all strains and specific proteins to each NTM strain. A total of 23 proteins were selected for its identification. Two of the common proteins identified (short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase SDR and diguanylate cyclase) did not align with M. tuberculosis complex protein sequences, which suggest that these proteins are found only in the NTM strains. Some of the proteins identified as common to all strains can be used as markers of NTM exposure and for the development of new diagnostic tools. Additionally, the specific proteins to NTM strains identified may represent potential candidates for the diagnosis of diseases caused by these mycobacteria.

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“…When MAP is shed into the environment from an infected host, its survival is finite, with no evidence of bacterial replication [2], indicating that the definitive host of MAP is the ruminant species in which it has co-evolved. In contrast, the closely-related organism, M. avium subspecies hominissuis (MAH), is considered an environmental generalist, as it can be isolated and propagated in a variety of reservoirs, including water sources and biofilms [3–5]. How MAP has evolved into a professional pathogen remains largely unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disruption of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific genes impairs in vivo fitness

et al. 2014

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BackgroundMycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is an obligate intracellular pathogen that infects many ruminant species. The acquisition of foreign genes via horizontal gene transfer has been postulated to contribute to its pathogenesis, as these genetic elements are absent from its putative ancestor, M. avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH), an environmental organism with lesser pathogenicity. In this study, high-throughput sequencing of MAP transposon libraries were analyzed to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the contribution of individual genes to bacterial survival during infection.ResultsOut of 52384 TA dinucleotides present in the MAP K-10 genome, 12607 had a MycoMarT7 transposon in the input pool, interrupting 2443 of the 4350 genes in the MAP genome (56%). Of 96 genes situated in MAP-specific genomic islands, 82 were disrupted in the input pool, indicating that MAP-specific genomic regions are dispensable for in vitro growth (odds ratio = 0.21). Following 5 independent in vivo infections with this pool of mutants, the correlation between output pools was high for 4 of 5 (R = 0.49 to 0.61) enabling us to define genes whose disruption reproducibly reduced bacterial fitness in vivo. At three different thresholds for reduced fitness in vivo, MAP-specific genes were over-represented in the list of predicted essential genes. We also identified additional genes that were severely depleted after infection, and several of them have orthologues that are essential genes in M. tuberculosis.ConclusionsThis work indicates that the genetic elements required for the in vivo survival of MAP represent a combination of conserved mycobacterial virulence genes and MAP-specific genes acquired via horizontal gene transfer. In addition, the in vitro and in vivo essential genes identified in this study may be further characterized to offer a better understanding of MAP pathogenesis, and potentially contribute to the discovery of novel therapeutic and vaccine targets.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-415) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Potentially pathogenic nontuberculous mycobacteria found in aquatic systems. Analysis from a reclaimed water and water distribution system in Mexico City

Cited by 39 publications

References 37 publications

Investigating the Role of Free-living Amoebae as a Reservoir for Mycobacterium ulcerans

Investigating the Role of Free-living Amoebae as a Reservoir for Mycobacterium ulcerans

Specific Proteins in Nontuberculous Mycobacteria: New Potential Tools

Disruption of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific genes impairs in vivo fitness

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