“…In this context, nanofluidic devices have been increasingly used for control and manipulation of ionic species [ 2 ], energy conversion [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ], ionic devices [ 7 , 8 , 9 ], biosensing [ 10 ], analysis and separation of biomolecules [ 11 , 12 ], and drug delivery [ 1 , 13 , 14 ]. Along with this, solid-state technological processes for very large-scale integration (VLSI) devices have enabled the fabrication of devices with high resolution and high-aspect-ratio features such as nanometric channel membranes [ 9 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Among these systems, nanofluidic structures such as nanopores [ 18 , 19 , 20 ], nanoslits [ 21 , 22 , 23 ], and nanochannels [ 24 , 25 , 26 ] exhibit electrokinetic phenomena, such as ion current rectification, ion depletion, and ion gating, through the manipulation of their permselectivity.…”