Potentiation of the effects ofSolanum malacoxylon extracts on rat intestinal phosphate and calcium absorption by incubation with ruminal fluid

Boland, Ana Russo de; Skliar, Mario; Gallego, Silvia; Esparza, Margarita S.; Boland, Ricardo

doi:10.1007/bf02013261

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Similarly, vitamin D 3 and 25OHD 3 were identified in S. glaucophyllum after incubation with glycosidases (Esparza et al, 1982). Ruminal fluids contain glycosidases and research show that aqueous extracts of S. glaucophyllum leaves incubated with bovine ruminal fluid (de Boland et al, 1978) and ovine ruminal fluid (Esparza et al, 1983) exhibit more vitamin D activity than extracts not incubated. Later vitamin D 3 and its metabolites were identified in S. glaucophyllum extracts incubated with ovine ruminal fluid (Skliar et al, 1992).…”

Section: Occurrence Of Vitamin D3 and Its Metabolites In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D in plants: a review of occurrence, analysis, and biosynthesis

Jäpelt¹,

Jakobsen²

2013

Front. Plant Sci.

244

147

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The major function of vitamin D in vertebrates is maintenance of calcium homeostasis, but vitamin D insufficiency has also been linked to an increased risk of hypertension, autoimmune diseases, diabetes, and cancer. Therefore, there is a growing awareness about vitamin D as a requirement for optimal health. Vitamin D3 is synthesized in the skin by a photochemical conversion of provitamin D3, but the necessary rays are only emitted all year round in places that lie below a 35° latitude. Unfortunately, very few food sources naturally contain vitamin D and the general population as a results fail to meet the requirements. Fish have the highest natural content of vitamin D expected to derive from an accumulation in the food chain originating from microalgae. Microalgae contain both vitamin D3 and provitamin D3, which suggests that vitamin D3 exist in the plant kingdom and vitamin D3 has also been identified in several plant species as a surprise to many. The term vitamin D also includes vitamin D2 that is produced in fungi and yeasts by UVB-exposure of provitamin D2. Small amounts can be found in plants contaminated with fungi and traditionally only vitamin D2 has been considered present in plants. This review summarizes the current knowledge on sterol biosynthesis leading to provitamin D. It also addresses the occurrence of vitamin D and its hydroxylated metabolites in higher plants and in algae and discusses limitations and advantages of analytical methods used in studies of vitamin D and related compounds including recent advances in analytical technologies. Finally, perspectives for a future production of vitamin D biofortified fruits, vegetables, and fish will be presented.

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Section: Occurrence Of Vitamin D3 and Its Metabolites In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D in plants: a review of occurrence, analysis, and biosynthesis

Jäpelt¹,

Jakobsen²

2013

Front. Plant Sci.

244

147

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“…A study on the potentiation of the effects of Solanum glaucophyllum extracts by pre-incubation with ruminal fluid has been performed in the rat (de Boland et al, 1978 (Rambeck and Zucker, 1982, cited in the review by Mello et al, 2003) for SG (170 000 IU vitamin D 3 /kg).…”

Section: Vitamin Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study on the potentiation of the effects of Solanum glaucophyllum extracts by pre-incubation with ruminal fluid has been performed in the rat (de Boland et al, 1978). Phosphate and calcium absorption were measured by an in situ method in duodenal loops.…”

Section: Free and Glycosylated 125(oh) 2 Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the safety ofSolanum glaucophyllumstandardised leaves as feed material

Feed¹

2015

EFSA Journal

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Solanum glaucophyllum standardised leaves (PAN) is a mixture of irradiated Solanum glaucophyllum ground leaves and wheat middlings to ensure a concentration of minimum 10 mg glycosylated 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol/kg feedingstuff. Glycosylation of the vitamin molecule affected biopotency in poultry and rats, but not in ruminants. Up to 1 000 mg PAN/kg complete diet was considered safe for chickens and piglets. PAN concentrations meeting the chicken's requirement for vitamin D in diets without supplemental vitamin D 3 could not be established. No evidence for an improvement of zootechnical parameters by PAN in diets already supplemented with vitamin D 3 was provided for chickens, laying hens and piglets. In dairy cows, PAN had the potential to be efficacious in the prevention of milk fever. However, a feeding regime ensuring its safe use at efficacious doses has not yet been established. No data on safety and efficacy of PAN for other animal species and categories were provided. A water-soluble extract of Solanum glaucophyllum was not genotoxic. A no observed adverse effect level could be not derived from sub-acute toxicity studies in rabbits. A benchmark dose lower confidence limit (BMDL 05 ) based on an increase in plasma calcium in a 28-day repeat dose rat study corresponded to 2 900-3 500 mg PAN/kg diet. Maternal toxicity and fetotoxicity were observed in rats and rabbits at all extract doses tested. An overall safe dose of PAN was not identified from the available toxicological data in laboratory animals. Since PAN did not increase the concentration of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in animal tissues, the use of PAN in animal nutrition is safe for consumers. Inhalation of PAN could be hazardous. PAN was not irritant to skin and eyes and unlikely to cause skin sensitisation. Considering the content of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in PAN its use in animal nutrition would not pose a risk to the environment. SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety of leaves of Solanum glaucophyllum (SG) as feed material. The scientific opinion should cover, in particular, the content of glycosides of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the ground leaves and the supply with and the physiology of vitamin D in the target species.In the view of the EFSA FEEDAP Panel, Solanum glaucophyllum standardised leaves (PAN) was a compound feed. It consisted of a mixture of irradiated Solanum glaucophyllum ground leaves and wheat middlings to ensure a concentration of minimum 10 mg glycosylated 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH) 2 D 3 )/kg feedingstuff.Glycosylation of the vitamin molecule affected biopotency in poultry and rats, but not in ruminants.The species-related differences in biopotency of glycosylated 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 prevented the setting of a universal vitamin D bioequivalence of PAN in terms of international units.Based on the limited number of endpoints, up to 1 000 mg...

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“…1-alpha-hydroxylase activity is localized in the mitochondrial fraction of SG cells (Esparza et al 1982). Oral administration of SG extracts that had been incubated with ruminal fluid stimulated greater calcium and phosphorus absorption in rats than SG extracts alone (Boland et al 1978). Therefore, 1,25-(OH)2D3 glycoside is thought to be more active in ruminants than non-ruminants because of a hydrolyzing reaction by ruminal microbes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding Solanum glaucophyllum to preparturient multiparous cows prevents postparturient hypocalcemia

Ishii

Uramoto²,

Nagao

et al. 2015

Animal Science Journal

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Solanum glaucophyllum (SG) contains 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) glycosides. We investigated the effect of SG on hypocalcemia in cows. Serum levels of 1,25-(OH)2D3, total calcium and phosphorus dose-relatedly increased after feeding with SG, while serum magnesium and chloride levels fell (P < 0.05). We also performed an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) infusion to induce artificial hypocalcemia. Cows that had been fed 4.0 mg/kg body weight of SG daily for 2 weeks had a higher serum concentration of total calcium at the end of EDTA infusion than those not fed SG (P < 0.05). In a field trial, multiparous cows were assigned to one of four groups: (1) no SG, (2) 1.3 g or (3) 2.6 g of SG daily from 14 days before the estimated calving day until 3 days after calving, or (4) a single feed of 35.75 g SG at 3 days before the estimated calving day. The concentrations of serum total calcium after the calving in each treatment group were (1) 7.4, (2) 7.9, (3) 8.0 and (4) 8.9 mg/dL and higher for (4) than for (1) (P < 0.05). The data suggests that feeding a high dose of SG before the calving may maintain higher concentrations of serum calcium after the calving.

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Potentiation of the effects ofSolanum malacoxylon extracts on rat intestinal phosphate and calcium absorption by incubation with ruminal fluid

Cited by 14 publications

References 18 publications

Vitamin D in plants: a review of occurrence, analysis, and biosynthesis

Vitamin D in plants: a review of occurrence, analysis, and biosynthesis

Scientific Opinion on the safety ofSolanum glaucophyllumstandardised leaves as feed material

Feeding Solanum glaucophyllum to preparturient multiparous cows prevents postparturient hypocalcemia

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